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{{Short description|Indian Army soldier, Recipient of Param Vir Chakra}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Havildar|Company Quartermaster Havildar]]
| name = Abdul Hamid
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = Soldier Abdul Hamid 2000 stamp of India.jpg
| alt = Hamid on a 2000 stamp of India
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|07|01}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1965|09|10|1933|07|01}}
| birth_place = [[Dhamupur]], [[Ghazipur district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
(Present Day [[Ghazipur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_place = Chima, [[Khem Karan]], [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1954–1965
| rank = [[File:Company Quartermaster Havildar.gif|24px]] [[Havildar|Company Quartermaster Havildar]]
| unit = [[The Grenadiers|4 Grenadiers]]
| battles = [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] {{small|[[Battle of Asal Uttar]]}}
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]<ref>Rajat Pandit (updated 12 August 2018) [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/national-war-memorial-to-miss-august-15-inauguration-deadline/articleshow/65369613.cms "National War Memorial to miss August 15 deadline"]. ''Times of India'' (). Retrieved on 26 November 2018.</ref> [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samar Seva Medal]] [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Raksha Medal]] [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
| relations = Rasoolan Bibi (Spouse; ?-1965)
}}

[[Havildar|Company Quartermaster Havildar]] '''Abdul Hamid''', [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (1 July 1933 – 10 September 1965), was an [[Indian Army]] soldier who posthumously received [[India]]'s highest [[military decoration]], the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his actions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].

Hamid joined the army in December 1954, and was posted to the 4th Battalion of [[the Grenadiers]] regiment. During the [[Sino-Indian War]], his battalion participated in the battle of [[Namka Chu]] against the [[People's Liberation Army]]. During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], the 4 Grenadiers battalion was entrusted with a vital position before the village of Chima on the [[Khemkaran|Khem Karan]]–[[Bhikhiwind]] line. At the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]] on 9–10 September 1965, Hamid destroyed eight Pakistani tanks and was killed destroying the ninth tank.

==Military career==
{{thumb|width=300|content=
{{Location map many|width = 300|float = center|border=infobox|India Punjab
| caption = Punjab, India

| label1 = 1
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark1size = 5
| link1 = Bhikhiwind
| coordinates1= {{coord|31.34|N|74.70|E}}

| label2 = 2
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Chhamb, Hamirpur
| coordinates2= {{coord|32|9|39.845|N|76|4|10.737|E}}

| label4 = 4
| pos4 = right
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark4size = 5
| coordinates4= {{coord|30|41|5.742|N|76|5|5.533|E}}

| label6 = 6
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark6size = 5
| link6 = Kasur
| pos6 = left
| coordinates6= {{coord|31|7|0|N|74|27|0|E}}

| label7 = 7
| mark7 = Red pog.svg
| mark7size = 5
| link7 = Khemkaran
| coordinates7= {{coord|31.16|N|74.66|E}}

| label8 = 8
| mark8 = Green pog.svg
| mark8size = 5
| link8 =
| pos8 = left
| coordinates8= {{coord|31|11|0.455|N|74|36|20.297|E}}
}}
{{Location map many|width = 300|float = center|border=infobox|India Jammu and Kashmir
| caption = Jammu and Kashmir, India

| label2 = 2
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Chhamb, Hamirpur
| coordinates2= {{coord|32|9|39.845|N|76|4|10.737|E}}

| label3 = 3
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark3size = 5
| pos3 = left
| link3 = Jourian
| coordinates3= {{coord|32|50|0.369|N|74|34|37.502|E}}
}}
{{Location map many|width = 300|float = center|border=infobox|India Himachal Pradesh
| caption = Himachal Pradesh, India

| label2 = 2
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Chhamb, Hamirpur
| coordinates2= {{coord|32|9|39.845|N|76|4|10.737|E}}

| label4 = 4
| pos4 = right
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark4size = 5
| coordinates4= {{coord|30|41|5.742|N|76|5|5.533|E}}
}}
{{Location map many|width = 300|float = center|border=infobox|India#Pakistan
| caption =

| label1 = 1
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark1size = 5
| link1 = Bhikhiwind
| coordinates1= {{coord|31.34|N|74.70|E}}

| label2 = 2
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Chhamb, Hamirpur
| coordinates2= {{coord|32|9|39.845|N|76|4|10.737|E}}

| label3 = 3
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark3size = 5
| pos3 = left
| link3 = Jourian
| coordinates3= {{coord|32|50|0.369|N|74|34|37.502|E}}

| label4 = 4
| pos4 = right
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark4size = 5
| coordinates4= {{coord|30|41|5.742|N|76|5|5.533|E}}

| label5 = 5
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
| mark5size = 5
| link5 = Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Canal
| coordinates5= {{coord|31|32|37.95|N|70|30|8.904|E}}

| label6 = 6
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark6size = 5
| link6 = Kasur
| pos6 = left
| coordinates6= {{coord|31|7|0|N|74|27|0|E}}

| label7 = 7
| mark7 = Red pog.svg
| mark7size = 5
| link7 = Khemkaran
| coordinates7= {{coord|31.16|N|74.66|E}}

| label8 = 8
| mark8 = Green pog.svg
| mark8size = 5
| link8 =
| pos8 = left
| coordinates8= {{coord|31|11|0.455|N|74|36|20.297|E}}
}}
| caption = Various points of action on map: 1–Bhikhiwind, 2–Chhamb, 3–Jourian, 4–Cheema, 5–Ichogil Canal, 6–Kasur, 7–Khem Karan, 8–Asal Uttar
}}
He joined the [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]] regiment of the Indian Army on 27 December 1954. He was later posted to the regiment's 4th Battalion (formerly the [[109th Infantry]]), where he served for the rest of his career.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=49}} He served with the battalion in [[Agra]], [[Amritsar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]], [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]] and [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]].{{Sfn|Palsokar|1980|pp=337–338}}

During the [[Sino-Indian War of 1962]], Hamid's battalion was part of the 7th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier [[John Dalvi]] and participated in the battle of [[Namka Chu]] against the [[People's Liberation Army]]. Surrounded and cut off, the battalion broke out on foot into [[Bhutan]] and on to [[Misamari]]. [[Second Lieutenant]] G. V. P. Rao was posthumously awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his actions during the war; it was the highest gallantry award received by the battalion since [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], until Hamid's commendation.{{Sfn|Palsokar|1980|pp=337–338}}

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===
[[File:1965 Infiltrators.jpg|left|thumb|A declassified [[US State Department]] [[telegram]] that confirms the existence of hundreds of infiltrators in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.]]
As a prelude to [[Operation Gibraltar]], Pakistan's strategy to infiltrate [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and start a rebellion against Indian rule, Pakistani forces attempted a series of incursions across the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] border. From 5 to 10 August 1965, Indian troops uncovered a mass infiltration. Captured documents and prisoners revealed Pakistan's plans to capture Kashmir with a guerrilla attack were brought to light; about 30,000 guerrillas were trained by the Pakistanis for this purpose. For reasons which remain unknown, the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla troops]] were dispersed, dissipated or destroyed and the action never took place.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=92}} [[Hajipir|Haji Phir]] and Phir Saheba were captured by India in an attempt to eliminate the guerrilla bases, and Pakistan launched an offensive which captured [[Chhamb, Hamirpur|Chhamb]] and [[Jourian]]. [[Indian Air Force]] bases in Amritsar were also attacked.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=93}}

In a counter-offensive, India launched operations across the international border. The [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry Division]] was charged with the capture of Pakistani territory east of the [[Ichogil Canal]]{{efn|According to another source, [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] was charged with the task.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=93}}}} and the suppression of a possible attack along the [[Kasur]]–[[Khemkaran|Khem Karan]] axis. After reaching the canal, the division awaited a Pakistani assault. 4 Grenadiers was entrusted with a vital position before the village of Chima on the Khem Karan–[[Bhikhiwind]] line.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=49}}

====Battle of Asal Uttar====
{{main|Battle of Asal Uttar}}

4 Grenadiers arrived at midnight on 7–8 September, and had dug {{convert|3|ft|adj=on}} trenches by dawn. At 7:30{{nbsp}}am they heard the first rumbles of Pakistani tanks,{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=95}} which straddled the road an hour and a half later. Hamid led the [[Jonga]]-mounted [[recoilless rifle]] (RCLR) detachment of his battalion.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=49}} The battalion held their fire until a tank {{convert|30|ft}} away was hit by Hamid with his RCL gun, and Pakistani soldiers in the two following tanks fled. The Indians experienced [[Artillery|artillery shelling]] at 11:30{{nbsp}}am, followed by another [[Armoured warfare|armour attack]]. Hamid knocked out another tank, and the Pakistani soldiers in the following tanks again fled. By the end of the day, an [[Army engineer|engineering company]] had laid anti-personnel and anti-tank mines around the Grenadiers' position.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=96}}
[[File:JVF-Mounted-M40-Anti-Tank-Gun.jpg|thumb|left|105 mm [[Jonga]]-mounted RCL gun, manned by Hamid, which destroyed eight tanks during the battle]]
Their battalion was attacked by Pakistani [[North American F-86 Sabre|Sabre jets]] at 9:00{{nbsp}}am on 9 September, with mass casualties. The Pakistanis made armoured attacks at 9:30, 11:30{{nbsp}}am and 2:30{{nbsp}}pm. By the evening, Hamid had knocked out four tanks. The battalion destroyed a total of 13 tanks, and many were abandoned. The Indians withdrew a squadron of [[Sherman Tank|Sherman tanks]], which were ineffective against the US built Pakistani [[Patton tank]]s. [[Centurion (tank)|Centurion tank]]s were also withdrawn to deploy them in a position more suitable for a tank battle. As a result, the 4 Grenadiers were left with only RCL guns and mines.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=96}}

On 10 September at about 8:00 am the first wave of three tanks, one leading and the other two following at a {{convert|200|yd|adj=on}} distance, arrived. Hamid knocked out another tank with his RCL gun. The Pakistanis attacked again with increased artillery support at 9:00 am, and Hamid destroyed another tank. Since his open jeep was vulnerable to the shelling, he moved to another position and ordered his men to take cover. Hamid and a Pakistani tank soon spotted each other. Alone and unable to change his position, he fired at the tank as it fired at him and he was killed instantly.{{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=97}} The battalion suppressed further attacks by the Pakistanis, and the battle was a decisive Indian victory.{{Sfn|Prabhakar|2003|pp=83–84}}

====Param Vir Chakra====
For his actions at the Battle of Asal Uttar, Hamid was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]] on 10 September 1965.{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=50}} The official citation read:

{{Quotation|
At 0800 hours on 10 September 1965 Pakistan forces launched an attack with a regiment of Patton tanks on a vital area ahead of village Cheema on the Bhikkiwind road in the Khem Karan Sector. Intense artillery shelling preceded the attack. The enemy tanks penetrated the forward position by 0900 hours. Realising the grave situation, Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid who was commander of a RCL gun detachment moved out to a flanking position with his gun mounted on a jeep, under intense enemy shelling and tank fire. Taking an advantageous position, he knocked out the leading enemy tank and then swiftly changing his position, he sent another tank up in flames. By this time the enemy tanks in the area spotted him and brought his jeep under concentrated machine-gun and high explosive fire. Undeterred, Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid kept on firing on yet another enemy tank with his recoilless gun. While doing so, he was mortally wounded by an enemy high explosive shell. Havildar Abdul Hamid’s brave action inspired his comrades to put up a gallant fight and to beat back the heavy tank assault by the enemy. His complete disregard for his personal safety during the operation and his sustained acts of bravery in the face of constant enemy fire were a shining example not only to his unit but also to the whole division and were in the highest traditions of the Indian Army.|author=[[Gazette of India]] Notification No.111—Press/65|source={{Sfn|Cardozo|2003|p=101}}}}

==Military decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="3"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samar Seva Star Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Raksha Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| colspan="3"|[[Param Vir Chakra]]
| rowspan="2"|{{Sfn|Chakravorty|1995|p=49}}
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samar Seva Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Raksha Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|}

==Legacy==
[[File:CQHM Abdul Hamid statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Abdul Hamid's bust at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]
A {{INR|3|link=yes}} stamp commemorating Hamid was issued by [[India Post]] on 28 January 2000 as part of a set of five stamps honouring recipients of awards for gallantry. The stamp has a bust of Hamid and an illustration of a jeep with a recoilless rifle.<ref name="January 2000 - Hamid Postal Stamp">{{cite web|title=January 2000|url=http://www.maharashtrapost.gov.in/htmldocs/jan2000.htm|website=Government of Maharastra|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025453/http://www.maharashtrapost.gov.in/htmldocs/jan2000.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi lays wreath at the memorial of Abdul Hamid, PVC, at Asal Uttar, in Punjab on November 11, 2015.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, lays a wreath at the memorial of Abdul Hamid, PVC, at Asal Uttar, in Punjab on 11 November 2015]]
Hamid's widow, Rasoolan Bibi, met Indian President [[Pratibha Patil]] in [[Lucknow]] in 2008 with requests to establish a military-recruiting center in his village, convert Hamid's home in Dullapur into a memorial, observe his death anniversary at the national level and help her grandchildren obtain government employment. Every year, there is big sports and culture fair is organized in asal uttar village on 9 September in the memory of Abdul Hamid <ref name="Rediff24Sep08">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/23up.htm |title=War hero's widow beseeches President for a stamp |author=Sharat Pradhan|date=24 September 2008 |work=Rediff.com|access-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112055808/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/sep/23up.htm|archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> A memorial to Hamid in his home village of Dhamupur which had fallen into disrepair was renovated in 2011 by the Flags of Honour Foundation for the 46th anniversary of his death. The renovation included a new statue of Hamid, repairs and painting of the gates and boundary, and improvements to the garden. Indian Member of Parliament [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], founder of Flags of Honour, spoke on the occasion.<ref name="Bangalore organisation to restore a war memorial in UP">{{cite news|title=Bangalore organisation to restore a war memorial in UP|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-organisation-to-restore-a-war-memorial-in-up-1582313|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=26 February 2018|date=1 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228015040/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-bangalore-organisation-to-restore-a-war-memorial-in-up-1582313|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Flags of Honour honours Hero of Khemkharan">{{cite web|author1=Shiv Shankar|title=Flags of Honour honours Hero of Khemkharan|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/flags-of-honour-honours-hero-of-khemkharan/15857400.shtml|website=Meri News|publisher=Bizsol Advisors Private Limited|access-date=26 February 2018|date=1 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211743/http://www.merinews.com/article/flags-of-honour-honours-hero-of-khemkharan/15857400.shtml|archive-date=26 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 10 September 2017, the 52nd anniversary of Hamid's death, then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[Bipin Rawat|General Bipin Rawat]] unveiled a memorial in [[Ghazipur district]].<ref name="Gen. Bipin Rawat unveils bust of 1965 war hero Abdul Hamid">{{cite news|title=Gen. Bipin Rawat unveils bust of 1965 war hero Abdul Hamid|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rawat-unveils-bust-of-1965-war-hero/article19656349.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 February 2018|date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911150820/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rawat-unveils-bust-of-1965-war-hero/article19656349.ece|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The tenth episode of ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]]'', a 1988 TV series on the lives of Param Vir Chakra recipients, explored Hamid's actions on 10 September 1965. Hamid was played by [[Naseeruddin Shah]], and the episode was directed by [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]].<ref name="Army Chief to keep promise made to 1965 martyr's wife">{{cite web|author1=Cheena Kapoor|title=Army Chief to keep promise made to 1965 martyr's wife|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-army-chief-to-keep-promise-made-to-1965-martyr-s-wife-2544320|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=26 February 2018|date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117101904/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-army-chief-to-keep-promise-made-to-1965-martyr-s-wife-2544320|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Documentaries===
''Battle of Asal Uttar – Largest Tank Battle Since World War II'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premièred on Veer by [[Discovery Channel]] series, Mission & Wars.<ref name="VeerTV_AsalUttar">{{cite web|title=Battle of Asal Uttar – Largest Tank Battle Since World War II Mission & Wars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF0IRQymp_E|publisher=Veer by Discovery|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806152611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF0IRQymp_E|archive-date=6 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="VeerTV">{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|access-date=22 April 2018|work=The Hindu|date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806152611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|archive-date=6 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Story of CQMH Abdul Hamid'' released by the Indian Army detailing the events of the battle and his death.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ADGPI |title=Story of CQMH Abdul Hamid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nPocClgFGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9nPocClgFGQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|website=Youtube |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=9 September 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{notelist}}
;Citations
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|first1=B.C. |last1=Chakravorty|title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7023-516-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC}}
*{{citation|first1=Major General Ian (retd.)|last1=Cardozo|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|year=2003|publisher=Roli Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7436-262-9|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ}}
*{{citation|title=The Grenadiers – A Tradition of Valour |last=Palsokar|first=R. D.|year=1980 |publisher=Grenadiers Regimental Centre|location=Jabalpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iz8sAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India|last=Prabhakar|first=Peter Wilson|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-890-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation|last=Rawat |first=Rachna Bisht|year=2014|title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories|publisher=Penguin Books India Private Limited |isbn=978-01-4342-235-8}}
*{{citation|first1=Kittu |last1=Reddy|title=Bravest of the Brave: Heroes of the Indian Army|year=2007|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87100-00-3|language=en}}
{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Abdul}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
[[Category:people from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]

Abdul Hamid soldier - Revision history

Bot at 18:44, 11 December 2022