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{{Short description|Sanskrit play written by Kālidāsa}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''[[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]] Looking Back to Glimpse [[Dushyanta|Duṣyanta]]'', scene from ''Shakuntala'' painted by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].]]
'''''Abhijnanashakuntalam''''' ([[Devanagari]]: अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तळम्, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam''), also known as '''''Shakuntala''''', '''''The Recognition of Shakuntala''''', '''''The Sign of Shakuntala''''', and [[#Title|many other variants]], is a [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit play]] by the ancient [[Indian people|Indian]] [[poet]] [[Kālidāsa]], dramatizing the story of [[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]] told in the epic ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' and regarded as best of Kālidāsa's works.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC&pg=PA222|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell|page=222|last=Quinn|first=Edward|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2014|isbn=978-1438108735}}</ref> Its exact date is uncertain, but Kālidāsa is often placed in the 4th century CE.<ref>[[Sheldon Pollock]] (ed., 2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA79&dq=kalidasa+fourth+century ''Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia''], p.79</ref>

==Origin of Kālidāsa's play==
{{expand section|date=August 2017}}
{{See also|Sanskrit drama}}
Plots similar to the play appear in earlier texts. There is a story mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''. A story of similar plot appear in the buddhist [[Jataka tales|Jātaka tales]] as well. In the Mahābhārata the story appears as a precursor to the Pāṇḍava and Kaurava lineages. In the story King Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā meet in the forest and get estranged and ultimately reunited. Their son [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] is said to have laid the foundation of the dynasty that ultimately led to [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava|Pāṇḍava]]s.<ref name="Debroy 2015 p. 101">{{cite book | last=Debroy | first=B. | title=The Mahabharata | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | issue=v. 1 | year=2015 | isbn=978-81-8475-388-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VziP-_XUT8C&pg=PT101 | access-date=2019-07-26 | page=101}}</ref><ref name="Satyamurti Doniger Dharwadker 2015 p. 49">{{cite book | last1=Satyamurti | first1=C. | last2=Doniger | first2=W. | last3=Dharwadker | first3=V. | title=Mahabharata: A Modern Retelling | publisher=W. W. Norton | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-393-24645-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjVMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 | access-date=2019-07-26 | page=49}}</ref><ref name="Automation 2019">{{cite web | last=Automation | first=Bhaskar | title=महाभारत की शकुंतला और कालिदास के अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम का किया चित्रण | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2019-06-13 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/ratlam/news/mp-news-the-portrayal-of-shakuntala-and-kalidas39s-recognition-of-shakuntalam-of-the-mahabharata-090005-4763657.html | language=hi | access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref name="dasa Vasudeva 2006 p.20-21 ">{{cite book | last1=dasa | first1=K. | last2=Vasudeva | first2=S. | title=The Recognition of ShakÂœntala | publisher=NYU Press | series=Clay Sanskrit Library | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8147-8815-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHyC5yOMo90C | access-date=2019-07-26 | pages=20–21}}</ref>

===Title===
Manuscripts differ on what its exact title is. Usual variants are ''Abhijñānaśakuntalā'', ''Abhijñānaśākuntala'', ''Abhijñānaśakuntalam'' and the "grammatically indefensible" ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam''.<ref>{{citation | author=Stephan Hillyer Levitt | url=http://www.indologica.it/volumi/doc_XXXI/08_Levitt.pdf | title=Why Are Sanskrit Play Titles Strange? | journal=Indologica Taurinensia | year=2005 | pages=195–232 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035418/http://www.indologica.it/volumi/doc_XXXI/08_Levitt.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> The Sanskrit title means ''pertaining to the recognition of Shakuntala'', so a literal translation could be ''Of Śakuntalā who is recognized''. The title is sometimes translated as ''The token-for-recognition of Śakuntalā'' or ''The Sign of Śakuntalā''.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Titles of the play in published translations include ''Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring'' and ''Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring''.{{sfn|Jones|1789}}{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1855}} A more recent translation by Barbara Stoler Miller (1984) was entitled ''Sakuntala and the Ring of Recollection''.

==Synopsis==
{{See also|Shakuntala}}
[[File:Crying of Shakuntala.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Crying of Shakuntala]]
The protagonist is [[Shakuntala|Śakuntalā]], daughter of the sage [[Vishwamitra|Viśvāmitra]] and the [[apsara]] [[Menaka|Menakā]]. Abandoned at birth by her parents, Śakuntalā is reared in the secluded hermitage of the sage [[Kanva|Kaṇva]], and grows up a comely but innocent maiden.

While Kaṇva and the other elders of the hermitage are away on a pilgrimage, [[Dushyanta|Duṣyanta]], king of [[Hastinapura|Hastināpura]], comes hunting in the forest. Just as he was about to slay a deer, Vaikhānasa, a sage obstructs him saying that the deer was from the hermitage and must not be slayed. He politely requests the king to take his arrow back, to which the king complies. The sage then informs him that they are going to collect firewood for the [[sacrificial fire]] and asks him to join them. They then spot the hermitage of Sage Kaṇva and decide to pay the hermits a visit. However the king decides to go to this penance grove dressed up as a commoner. He also stops the chariot farther away to not disturb the hermits. The moment he enters the hermitage and spots Śakuntalā, he is captivated by her, courts her in royal style, and marries her. Soon, he has to leave to take care of affairs in the capital. The king gives her a ring which, as it turns out, will eventually have to be presented to him when she appears in his court to claim her place as queen.

One day, the anger-prone sage [[Durvasa|Durvāsa]] arrives when Śakuntala is lost in her thoughts, and when she fails to attend to him, he curses her by bewitching Duṣyanta into forgetting her existence. The only cure is for Śakuntala to show the king the [[signet ring]] that he gave her.

She later travels to meet him, and has to cross a river. The ring is lost when it slips off her hand as she dips it in the water playfully. On arrival the king is unable to recognize the person he married and therefore refuses to acknowledge her. Śakuntala is abandoned by her companions who declare that she should remain with her husband. They then return to the hermitage.

Fortunately, the ring is discovered by a fisherman in the belly of a fish, and presents it in the king's court. Duṣyanta realizes his mistake - too late. The newly wise Duṣyanta is asked to defeat an army of [[Asuras]], and is rewarded by [[Indra]] with a journey through heaven. After returning to Earth years later, Duṣyanta finds Śakuntala and their son by chance, and recognizes them.

In other versions, especially the one found in the '[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]', Śakuntala is not reunited until their son Bharata is born, and found by the king playing with lion cubs. Duṣyanta meets young Bharata and enquires about his parents, and finds out that Bharata is indeed his son. Bharata is an ancestor of the lineages of the [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas|Pāṇḍavas]], who fought the epic war of the Mahābhārata. It is after this Bharata that India was given the name "Bhāratavarsha", the 'Land of Bharata'.<ref name=Apte>{{cite book|last1=Apte|first1=Vaman Shivaram|title=Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary|year=1959|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:2619.apte|chapter=भरतः}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{expand section|date=August 2017}}
By the 18th century, Western poets were beginning to get acquainted with works of Indian literature and [[Indian philosophy|philosophy]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} ''Shakuntala'' was the first Indian drama to be translated into a Western language, by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] in 1789. In the next 100 years, there were at least 46 translations in twelve European languages.<ref name=completer>[http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/sanskrit/ksakun1a.htm Review] of Figueira's ''Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe'' at the [[complete review]] website.</ref>

===Sanskrit literature===
{{See also|Sanskrit literature}}

===Introduction in the West===
''Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring'', Sir William Jones' translation of Kālidāsa's play, was first published in Calcutta, followed by European republications in 1790, 1792 and 1796.{{sfn|Jones|1789}}{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}} A German (by [[Georg Forster]]) and a French version of Jones' translation were published in 1791 and 1803 respectively.{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}}{{sfn|Jones|1791}}{{sfn|Jones|1803}} [[Goethe]] published an epigram about Shakuntala in 1791, and in [[Goethe's Faust|his ''Faust'']] he adopted a theatrical convention from the prologue of Kālidāsa's play.{{sfn|Evison|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C&pg=PA132 132–135]}} [[Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel]]'s plan to translate the work into German never materialised, but he did however publish a translation of the ''Mahābhārata'' version of Śakuntalā's story in 1808.{{sfn|Figueira|1991|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aN_U4bJvrRMC&pg=PA19 19–20]}} [[Goethe|Goethe's]] epigram goes like this:<ref>
Mueller, Max [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.279340/2015.279340.A-History#page/n19/mode/2up ''A History Of Ancient Sanskrit Literature'']
</ref>
{{quote|<poem>
Wilt thou the blossoms of spring and the fruits that are later in season,
Wilt thou have charms and delights, wilt thou have strength and support,
Wilt thou with one short word encompass the earth and the heaven,
All is said if I name only, [Shakuntala], thee.</poem>}}

===Education in British India===
''Shakuntala'' was disapproved of as a text for school and college students in the [[British Raj]] in the 19th century, as popular Indian literature was deemed, in the words of [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]], to be "marked with the greatest immorality and impurity", and Indian students were thought by colonial administrators to be insufficiently morally and intellectually advanced to read the Indian texts that were taught and praised in Britain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Viswanathan|first=Gauri|title=Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|pages=5–6}}</ref>

===Unfinished opera projects===
{{See also|Sakuntala (opera)}}
When Leopold Schefer became a student of [[Antonio Salieri]] in September 1816, he had been working on an opera about Shakuntala for at least a decade, a project which he did however never complete.<ref name="NSE2008pIX">Manuela Jahrmärker and Thomas Aigner (editors), [[Franz Schubert]] (composer) and [[Johann Philipp Neumann]] (librettist). ''[https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/shop/product/details/BA5561/ Sacontala]'' ([[New Schubert Edition|NSE]] [https://www.baerenreiter.com/en/catalogue/complete-editions/schubert-franz/series-ii/ Series II] Vol. 15). [[Bärenreiter]], 2008, [https://www.baerenreiter.com/resource/public/products/BA5561/infoitems/vw/01.pdf p. IX]</ref> [[Franz Schubert]], who had been a student of Salieri until at least December of the same year, started composing his [[Sakuntala (opera)|''Sakuntala'' opera]], {{D.}} 701, in October 1820.<ref name="NSE2008pIX" /><ref name=musicweb>Margarida Mota-Bull. [http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2008/June08/Schubert_Sakontala_83218.htm Sakontala (8 june 2008)] at {{url|http://www.musicweb-international.com}}</ref> [[Johann Philipp Neumann]] based the [[libretto]] for this opera on Kālidāsa's play, which he probably knew through one or more of the three German translations that had been published by that time.<ref name="D701">[[Otto Erich Deutsch]], with revisions by [[Werner Aderhold]] and others. ''[[Deutsch catalogue|Franz Schubert, thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge]]''. ([[New Schubert Edition]] Series VIII: Supplement, Vol. 4). Kassel: [[Bärenreiter]], 1978. {{ISBN|9783761805718}}, [https://archive.org/stream/FranzSchubert.ThematischesVerzeichnisSeinerWerkeInChronologischerFolge/SchubertDeutsch-verzeichnisDv#page/n434/mode/1up pp. 411–413]</ref> Schubert abandoned the work in April 1821 at the latest.<ref name="NSE2008pIX" /> A short extract of the unfinished score was published in 1829.<ref name="D701" /> Also [[Václav Tomášek]] left an incomplete ''Sakuntala'' opera.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme">[[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] [https://archive.org/details/programme0304bost ''Twenty-Third Season, 1903–1904: Programme''] – [https://archive.org/stream/programme0304bost#page/125/mode/1up pp. 125–128]</ref>

===New adaptations and editions===
Kālidāsa's ''Śakuntalā'' was the model for the libretto of {{illm|Karl von Perfall|de}}'s first opera, which premièred in 1853.<ref>''[[Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=G9dDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1649 No. 104 (Thursday 14 April 1853)]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=G9dDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1662 p. 1662]</ref> In 1853 [[Monier Monier-Williams]] published the Sanskrit text of the play.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1853}} Two years later he published an English translation of the play, under the title: ''Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring''.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1855}} A ballet version of Kālidāsa's play, ''Sacountalâ'', on a libretto by [[Théophile Gautier]] and with music by [[Ernest Reyer]], was first performed in Paris in 1858.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/>{{sfn|Gautier|1858}} A plot summary of the play was printed in the score edition of [[Karl Goldmark]]'s Overture to ''Sakuntala'', Op. 13 (1865).<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/> [[Sigismund Bachrich]] composed a ''Sakuntala'' ballet in 1884.<ref name="BSO1903-1904Programme"/> [[Felix Weingartner]]'s opera ''Sakuntala'', with a libretto based on Kālidāsa's play, premièred the same year.<ref>Hubbard, William Lines (1908). [https://archive.org/details/16218745.1433.emory.edu ''Operas'', Vol. 2] in: The American History and Encyclopedia of Music. Irving Squire, [https://archive.org/stream/16218745.1433.emory.edu/16218745_1433#page/n450/mode/1up p. 418]</ref> Also [[Philipp Scharwenka]]'s ''Sakuntala'', a choral work on a text by Carl Wittkowsky, was published in 1884.<ref>[[scores:List of works by Philipp Scharwenka#Works without Opus Number|§ "Works without Opus Number" of List of works by Philipp Scharwenka]] at IMSLP website</ref>

Bengali translations:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* ''Shakuntala'' (1854) by [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
* ''Shakuntala'' (1895) by [[Abanindranath Tagore]]

Tamil translations include:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* ''Abigna'' ''Sakuntalam '' (1938) by [[Mahavidwan R. Raghava Iyengar|Mahavidwan R.Raghava Iyengar]]. Translated in sandam style.

[[Felix Woyrsch]]'s incidental music for Kālidāsa's play, composed around 1886, is lost.<ref>[http://www.p-w-g.de/woyrsch/werke-2.html Felix Woyrsch – Werke] at Pfohl-Woyrsch-Gesellschaft website</ref> [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] would have composed a Shakuntala opera, on a libretto by [[Catulle Mendès]], in the first decade of the 20th century: the work is however no longer listed as extant in overviews of the composer's or librettist's oeuvre.<ref>[[Hugo Riemann|Riemann, Hugo]] (editor). {{illm|Musik-Lexikon (Riemann)|wikisource:de|Musiklexika#RML|lt=''Musik-Lexikon''}}, 7th edition. Leipzig: Hesse, 1909, [https://archive.org/stream/RiemannMusiklexikon09tea1919/RiemannMusiklexikon07tea1909#page/n1076/mode/1up p. 1037]</ref><ref>[[scores:List of works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski|List of works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski]] at [[IMSLP]] website</ref><ref>Małgorzata Perkowska. [http://pmc.usc.edu/PMJ/issue/4.2.01/paderewskiworks.html "List of Works by Ignacy Jan Paderewski"] in ''Polish Music Journal'', Vol. 4, No. 2, Winter 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.artlyriquefr.fr/personnages/Mendes%20Catulle.html Catulle Mendès] at {{url|www.artlyriquefr.fr}}</ref> [[Arthur W. Ryder]] published a new English translation of ''Shakuntala'' in 1912.{{sfn|Ryder|1912}} Two years later he collaborated to an English performance version of the play.{{sfn|Holme|Ryder|1914}}

===Alfano's opera===
{{main|Sakùntala}}
Italian [[Franco Alfano]] composed an [[opera]], named ''[[Sakùntala|La leggenda di Sakùntala]]'' (''The legend of Sakùntala'') in its first version ([[1921 in music#Opera|1921]]) and simply ''[[Sakùntala]]'' in its second version ([[1952 in music#Opera|1952]]).<ref>[http://theoperacritic.com/tocreviews2.php?review=sl/2006/romleggen0406.htm Background to the opera] from The Opera Critic on theoperacritic.com. Retrieved 8 May 2013</ref>

===Further developments===
Chinese translation:{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}
* 沙恭达罗 (1956) by [[Ji Xianlin]]

Fritz Racek's completion of Schubert's ''Sakontala'' was performed in Vienna in 1971.<ref name="D701" /> Another completion of the opera, by [[Karl Aage Rasmussen]], was published in 2005<ref>[http://webshop.ewh.dk/product.asp?product=46057 Sakontala (score)] at [[Edition Wilhelm Hansen]] website</ref> and recorded in 2006.<ref name=musicweb /> A scenic performance of this version was premièred in 2010.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Norwegian electronic musician [[Amethystium]] wrote a song called "Garden of Sakuntala" which can be found on the CD ''Aphelion''.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}} According to [[Philip Lutgendorf]], the narrative of the movie [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]{{when|date=August 2017}} recapitulates the story of Shakuntala.<ref>[http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html Ram Teri Ganga Maili] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228010453/http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/RamTeriGM.html |date=2011-12-28 }} at ''Notes on Indian popular cinema'' by Philip Lutgendorf</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=August 2017}}

In [[Koodiyattam]], the only surviving ancient Sanskrit theatre tradition, prominent in the state of [[Kerala]] on India, performances of Kālidāsa's plays are rare. However, legendary{{Peacock term|date=August 2017}} Kutiyattam artist and ''[[Natyashastra]]'' scholar ''Nātyāchārya Vidūshakaratnam [[Padma Shri]] [[Guru]]'' [[Māni Mādhava Chākyār]] has choreographed a Koodiyattam production of ''The Recognition of Sakuntala''.<ref>Das Bhargavinilayam, '''Mani Madhaveeyam'''{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215085741/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_culture/books.htm |archive-date=2008-02-15}} (biography of Guru [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]), Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala, 1999, {{ISBN|81-86365-78-8}}{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}</ref>

A production directed by Tarek Iskander was mounted for a run at London's Union Theatre in January and February 2009.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} The play is also appearing on a Toronto stage for the first time as part of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509171350/http://www.movietrailerlive.com/ct_0001_HarbourfrontCentreWorldStage Harbourfront World Stage program.]{{failed verification|date=August 2017}} An adaptation by the Magis Theatre Company [http://www.magistheatre.org]{{failed verification|date=August 2017}} featuring the music of Indian-American composer [[Rudresh Mahanthappa]] had its premiere at La MaMa E.T.C. in New York February 11–28, 2010.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

== Film adaptations ==
It is one of the few [[Classical Sanskrit literature|classical Sanskrit plays]] that have been adapted to the silver screen in India and of them the most adapted (another being the [[Mṛcchakatika]] by [[Śūdraka]]). These films mostly under the title of the heroine (''Shakuntala'') include ones in: [[Shakuntala (1920 film)|1920]] by Suchet Singh, 1920 by [[Shree Nath Patankar]], 1929 by [[Fatma Begum]], 1931 by Mohan Dayaram Bhavnani, 1931 by [[J.J. Madan]], 1932 by [[Sarvottam Badami]], 1932 Hindi film, [[Shakuntala (1940 film)|1940]] by [[Ellis R. Dungan|Ellis Dungan]], [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|1941]] by Jyotish Bannerjee, [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|1943]] by [[V. Shantaram|Shantaram Rajaram Vankudre]], 1961 by [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Shakuntala (1965 film)|1965]] by [[Kunchacko]], [[Shakuntala (1966 film)|1966]] by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao]], and [[Shaakuntalam|2022]] by [[Gunasekhar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Heidi R.M. Pauwels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAI0scTDAjIC&pg=PA80|title=Indian Literature and Popular Cinema: Recasting Classics|date=17 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-06255-3|location=|page=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-16|title=In pics: Samantha's stunning stills from the sets of 'Shakuntalam'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pics-samanthas-stunning-stills-sets-shakuntalam-145325|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A [[television film]], titled ''Shakuntalam'', was an adaptation of the play by Indian theatre director [[Vijaya Mehta]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Sanjit Narwekar]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|title=Directory of Indian Film-makers and Films|publisher=Flicks Books|year=1994|isbn=978-0-948911-40-8|location=|page=181}}</ref>

''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'', a 1988 Indian historical drama television series by [[Shyam Benegal]] based on [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[The Discovery of India]]'' (1946), included a two part adaptation of the play and Kalidasa's life which aired on [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Ek Khoj {{!}} Episode-18 {{!}} Kalidasa, Part—I |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYyylsa16uc&list=PLqtVCj5iilH4w0Y8KBB4fqBu25T0sGhXG&index=22 |publisher=[[Prasar Bharati |Prasar Bharati Archives]] |language=en}}</ref> A television series adaptation of the [[Shakuntala (TV series)|same name]] was produced by [[Sagar Arts]] and aired on the Indian television channel [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shakuntala in Gujarat|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shakuntala-in-gujarat/cid/498918|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{wikisourcelang|sa|अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम्|Abhijñānaśākuntalam Sanskrit Text}}
{{Commons category|Abhijñānaśākuntalam}}
{{Wikiquote|Abhijñānaśākuntalam}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Evison
|first1 =Gillian
|date =1998
|chapter =The Sanskrit Manuscripts of Sir William Jones in the Bodleian Library
|pages =123–142
|title =Sir William Jones, 1746-1794: A Commemoration
|editor1-last =Murray
|editor1-first=Alexander
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8p8jSshklY8C
|publisher =[[Oxford University Press]]
|isbn =0199201900
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Figueira
|first1 =Dorothy Matilda
|date =1991
|title =Translating the Orient: The Reception of Sakuntala in Nineteenth-Century Europe
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aN_U4bJvrRMC
|publisher =SUNY Press
|isbn =978-0-7914-0327-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Gautier
|first1 =Théophile
|author-link1 =Théophile Gautier
|date =1858
|title =Sacountalâ: ballet-pantomime en deux actes, tiré du drame indien de Calidasá
|url =http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb306721118
|location =Paris
|publisher =Vve Jonas
|postscript =. Other on-line version: [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17578 Project Gutenberg]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Holme
|first1 =Garnet
|last2 =Ryder
|first2 =Arthur W.
|author-link2 =Arthur W. Ryder
|date =1914
|title =Shakuntala: An acting version in three acts
|url =https://archive.org/details/shakuntala00holm
|location =Berkeley
|publisher =University of California Press
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100396381 Hathi Trust] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009573520 Hathi Trust]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|date =1789
|title =Sacontalá or The Fatal Ring: An Indian Drama by Cálidás, Translated From the Original Sanskrit and Prakrit
|location =Calcutta
|publisher =J. Cooper
|postscript =. On-line versions: 1792 (3rd. ed., London): [https://archive.org/details/sacontalaorfatal00kali_0 Internet Archive] 1807 (pp. 363–532 in Vol. 9 of ''The Works of Sir William Jones'', edited by [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Lord Teignmouth]], London: John Stockdale): [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/shakuntala_jones/ Frances W. Pritchett (Columbia University)] 1870 reprint London: [[s:en:Sacontala (Jones 1870)|Sacontalá; or the Fatal Ring]] at English Wikisource
}}
**{{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|translator-last =Forster
|translator-first=Georg
|translator-link =Georg Forster
|date =1791
|title =Sakontala oder der entscheidende Ring
|url =http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10251006-0
|location =Mainz
|publisher =Fischer
}}
**{{cite book
|last1 =Jones
|first1 =William
|author-link1 =William Jones (philologist)
|translator-last =Bruguière
|translator-first=Antoine
|translator-link =:fr:Antoine Bruguière de Sorsum
|date =1803
|title =Sacontala, ou l'Anneau fatal
|url =https://archive.org/details/sacontalaoulanne00kali
|location =Paris
|publisher =Treuttel et Würtz
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1853
|title =Śakuntalá, or: Śakuntalá Recognised by the Ring, a Sanskrit Drama, in Seven Acts, by Kálidása; The Devanágarí Recension of the Text
|url =https://archive.org/details/cu31924074502059
|location =Hertford
|publisher =Stephen Austin
|edition =1st
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_52FQX87hBR4C Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akuntalorakunta00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=52FQX87hBR4C Google Books] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007124219 Hathi Trust]
}}
** {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1876
|title =Śakuntalā, a Sanskrit Drama, in Seven Acts, by Kālidāsa: The Deva-Nāgari Recension of the Text
|url =https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kali
|location =Oxford
|publisher =[[Clarendon Press]]
|edition =2nd
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kaliiala Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/sakuntalasanskri00kaliuoft Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akuntalasanskri00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=bpIDAAAAMAAJ Google Books] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002751897 Hathi Trust]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1855
|title =Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring: An Indian Drama Translated Into English Prose and Verse, From the Sanskṛit of Kálidása
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ahkpAAAAYAAJ
|oclc =58897839
|location =Hertford
|publisher =Stephen Austin
|edition =1st
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011619845 Hathi Trust] 1856 (3rd ed.): [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00monigoog Internet Archive] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002751858 Hathi Trust] 1872 (4th ed., London: Allen & Co.): [https://archive.org/details/sakoontala00kali Internet Archive] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2bfmTJaznkC Google Books] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=VWhQAQAAIAAJ Google Books] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=JCxZAAAAcAAJ Google Books] 1885 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.): [https://archive.org/details/akoontalorlostr00klgoog Internet Archive] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100423145 Hathi Trust] – [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008693985 Hathi Trust] – [http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33478 Johns Hopkins] 1895 (7th ed., London: Routledge): [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100629 Internet Archive]
}}
** {{cite book
|last1 =Monier-Williams
|first1 =Monier
|author-link1 =Monier Monier-Williams
|date =1898
|title =Śakoontalá or The Lost Ring: An Indian Drama Translated Into English Prose and Verse, From the Sanskṛit of Kálidása
|url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282754
|location =London
|publisher =Routledge
|edition =8th
|postscript =. Other on-line versions: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12169 Project Gutenberg]
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 =Ryder
|first1 =Arthur W.
|author-link1 =Arthur W. Ryder
|date =1912
|title =Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works
|url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sha/
|location =London
|publisher =[[J.M. Dent & Sons]]
}} Other on-line versions: 1920 reprint: [https://archive.org/details/kalidasatranslat00kali Internet Archive] – [http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1261 Online Library of Liberty] 1928 reprint: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16659 Project Gutenberg] 2014 (The Floating Press, {{ISBN|1776535138}}): [https://books.google.com/books?id=exDCAwAAQBAJ Google Books]

==External links==
*[http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/3_drama/ksakunxu.htm ''Abhijnana Sakuntalam'' - Transliterated text] at [[GRETIL]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVqBD_2P4Pg Stop animation version] by [https://anu-au.academia.edu/patrickmccartney Patrick McCartney] and [https://anu-au.academia.edu/AnnieMcCarthy Annie McCarthy] (from the [[Australian National University]]).

{{Kālidāsa}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit plays]]
[[Category:Works by Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]

Abhijñānaśākuntalam - Revision history

Flying Bee at 14:17, 11 August 2021