UpdateBot at 08:45, 14 May 2022

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{{Short description|Missile guidance technique}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2007}}
[[File:"BAT' radar guided bomb development. 1943-45. Philadelphia Ordnance District. - NARA - 292148.jpg|thumb|BAT radar guided bomb]]
[[File:Rb15.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[RBS-15|RBS-15F]] anti-ship missile (on right) under the wing of a [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] fighter, 2007]]
[[File:Radionix Oniks, Kyiv 2018, 72.jpg|thumb|Active radar homing missile seeker]]

'''Active radar homing''' ('''ARH''') is a [[missile guidance]] method in which a [[missile]] contains a [[radar]] [[transceiver]] (in contrast to [[semi-active radar homing]], which uses only a [[passive radar|receiver]]) and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously. The NATO [[brevity code]] for an air-to-air active radar homing missile launch is [[fox (code word)|'''fox three''']].<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-54-10/fm3-54-10.pdf globalsecurity.org]: Brevity: Multi-Service Brevity Codes (retrieved 19 June 2013)</ref>

==Advantages==
There are two major advantages to active radar homing:

* As the missile is tracking the target it is going to be much closer to the target than the launching platform during the terminal phase, thus the missile's tracking can be much more accurate and better resistant to [[electronic countermeasure]]s. Active radar homing missiles have some of the best [[kill probability|kill probabilities]], along with missiles employing [[track-via-missile]] guidance.
* Because the missile is totally autonomous during the terminal phase, the launch platform does not need to have its radar enabled at all during this phase, and in the case of a mobile launching platform like an aircraft, can actually exit the scene or undertake other actions while the missile homes in on its target. This is often referred to as [[fire-and-forget]] capability and is a significant advantage that modern [[air-to-air missile]]s have over their predecessors.

==Disadvantages==
* Because most missiles are powered by rocket motors, they have no on-board electricity generation capability. This means that active radar-guided missiles usually rely on battery power for the radar transmitter, significantly limiting its power - although this can be mitigated by employing the designs described [[#Operation|below]].
* Because a complete radar system is implemented, an active system will be more expensive than a semi-active system if all other factors are equal.

==Passive radiation homing==
Many missiles employing passive homing have an additional capability: if the target does attempt to use [[Radar_jamming_and_deception|noise jamming]], the missile can home in on the target's radiation passively ('''home-on-jam'''). This gives such missiles improved performance against noise jamming targets and allows anti-aircraft munitions to attack targets they would not otherwise be able to fire on effectively.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}.

==Operation==
Active radar homing is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile. It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement, mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries, therefore having a relatively low [[Effective radiated power|ERP]], its range is limited.<ref>[http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Radar-AAMs.html ausairpower.net]: "Active and Semiactive Radar Missile Guidance" (retrieved 6 April 2010)</ref> To overcome this, most such missiles use a combination of [[command guidance]] with an [[inertial navigation system]] (INS) in order to fly from the launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile. The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a [[datalink]] from the launching platform up until this point, in case the target is maneuvering, otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there. Sometimes the launching platform (especially if it is an aircraft) may be in danger while continuing to guide the missile in this way until it 'goes active'; In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected "acquisition basket" when the missile goes active. It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on; This may be other, similar [[fighter aircraft]] or perhaps an [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]].

Most [[anti-ship missile]]s use active radar homing for terminal guidance.

Many ARH missiles with targets on land or sea use [[millimeter wave guidance]].

==List of missiles==
Examples of missiles known to use active radar homing (all in their terminal phase) include:

===China===
* [[DF-21]]
* [[DF-25]]
* [[DF-26]]
* [[HN-2000]]
* [[PL-12]] [[air-to-air missile]] and SD-10 (export version to Pakistan)
* [[PL-15]] [[air-to-air missile]]
* [[HQ-9]] air defense missile

===European===
* [[Meteor (missile)]] long-range [[air-to-air missile]] (With contribution from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom)
* [[MBDA]] [[Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon]] (France, UK)
* [[CAMM (missile family)]]
* [[Aster (missile family)]]

===France===
* [[MBDA]] [[Exocet]] [[anti-ship missile]]
* [[MICA (missile)]] air-to-air missile and [[surface-to-air missile]]

===Germany===
* [[EADS]] [[AS.34 Kormoran]] anti-ship missile

===India===
* [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]]

===Israel===
*[[Arrow (Israeli missile)]]
*[[David's Sling]]
*[[Derby (missile)]]
*[[Python (missile)]]

===Japan===
*[[Type 80 Air-to-Ship Missile]]
*[[Type 81 Surface-to-air Missile]] (SAM-1C only)
*[[Type 88 Surface-to-Ship Missile]]
*[[Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missile]]
*[[Type 91 Air-to-Ship Missile]]
*[[AAM-4 (Japanese missile)|Type 99 air-to-air missile]] (Mitsubishi AAM-4, AAM-4Kai)
*[[Type 3 Chū-SAM|Type 03 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile]]
*[[Type 11 (missile)|Type 11 Surface-to-air Missile]]

===Russia===
* [[NPO Novator]] and [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] [[K-100 (missile)|R-172]] long range air-to-air missile
* [[Vympel NPO]] [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)|R-27EA]]
* [[Vympel NPO]] [[R-37 (missile)|R-37]] (AA-13 Arrow) long range air-to-air missile
* [[Vympel NPO]] [[R-33 (missile)|R-33]] (AA-9 Amos) long range air-to-air missile
* [[Vympel NPO]] [[R-77]] (AA-12 Adder) medium range air-to-air missile
* [[Tactical Missiles Corporation]] [[Kh-31]] (AS-17 Krypton) anti-shipping missile (Kh-31A only)
* [[Raduga Kh-15]] (AS-16 Kickback) air-to-surface missile (Kh-15S only)
* [[MKB Raduga|Raduga]] [[Kh-59]] (AS-13 Kingbolt) air-to-surface missile (Kh-59MK only)
* [[Tactical Missiles Corporation]] [[Kh-25]] (AS-10 Karen) air-to-surface missile (Kh-25MA only)
* [[Raduga KSR-5]] (AS-6 Kingfish) anti-shipping missile
* [[Raduga KSR-2]] (AS-5 Kelt) anti-shipping missile
* [[Raduga Kh-22]] (AS-4 Kitchen) anti-shipping missile
* [[KB Mashinostroyeniya|KBM]] [[9M123 Khrizantema|Khrizantema]] (AT-15 Springer) anti-tank missile (9M123-2 and 9M123F-2 variants only)
* [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]] [[P-500 Bazalt]] (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship missile
* [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]] [[P-700 Granit]] (SS-N-19 Shipwreck) anti-ship missile
* [[MKB Raduga|Raduga]] [[P-270 Moskit]] (SS-N-22 Sunburn) anti-ship missile
* [[Tactical Missiles Corporation]] [[Kh-35]] (SS-N-25 Switchblade) anti-ship missile
* [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]] [[P-800 Oniks]] (SS-N-26) anti-ship missile
* [[NPO Novator]] [[3M-54 Klub]] (SS-N-27 Sizzler) anti-ship missile
* [[S-400]] long range ground-to-air missile

===South Africa===
* [[R-Darter]]

===Sweden===
* [[Saab Bofors Dynamics]] [[RBS-15]] anti-ship missile

===Taiwan===
* [[Sky Sword II]] air-to-air missile
* [[Hsiung Feng I]]
* [[Hsiung Feng II]]
* [[Hsiung Feng IIE]]
* [[Hsiung Feng III]]
* [[Sky Spear]]
* [[Wan Chien]]
* [[Yun Feng]]

===United States===
* [[Boeing]] [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] anti-ship missile
* [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] [[AIM-47 Falcon]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]] [[AGM-114 Hellfire|AGM-114L Hellfire Longbow]] [[air-to-surface missile]]
* [[Lockheed Martin]] [[MIM-104 Patriot]] surface-to-air missile (PAC-3 version only)<ref>[http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/pac-3.html designation-systems.net]: "Directory of US Military Rockets and Missiles" (retrieved 6 April 2010)</ref>
* [[Martin Marietta]] [[Pershing II]] (topographic radar version of [[DSMAC]])
* [[Raytheon]] [[AIM-54 Phoenix]] long range air-to-air missile
* [[Raytheon]] [[AIM-120 AMRAAM]] air-to-air missile and surface-to-air missile
* [[Raytheon]] [[GBU-53/B]]
* [[Raytheon]] [[RIM-174 Standard ERAM]] (Standard Missile 6) surface-to-air missile
* [[Raytheon]] [[AGM-88 HARM]] (only E version)
* The U.S. Navy's [[Bat (guided bomb)|Bat]] radar-guided glide bomb of [[World War II]], world's earliest munition design known to use an active radar homing system.

==References==
<references/>

{{Missile types}}

[[Category:Missile guidance]]

[[ja:電波ホーミング誘導#アクティブ方式]]

Active radar homing - Revision history

UpdateBot at 08:45, 14 May 2022