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{{short description|1969 film by K. Shankar}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adimai Penn
| image = Adimai Penn.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| story = {{plainlist|
* [[R. M. Veerappan]]
* S. Lakshmanan
* S. K. T. Samy
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
* R. M. Veerappan
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* M. G. Ramachandran
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
}}
| cinematography = V. Ramamoorthy
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Emgeeyaar Pictures
| released = {{film date|1969|5|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 180 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=398}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}50 lakh<ref name="dinamalar" />
}}

'''''Adimai Penn''''' ({{Translation|Slave Woman}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action adventure film]] directed by [[K. Shankar]] and produced by [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[R. M. Veerappan]]. The film stars Ramachandran and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], with [[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Rajasree]], [[Manohar (actor)|Manohar]], [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] and [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] in supporting roles. It revolves around the efforts of a deceased king's son to free the enslaved people of a kingdom from their tyrant king.

Ramachandran had the desire to make ''Adimai Penn'' as early as 1963. The project entered production with him directing and starring, [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]] co-starring and P. N. Sundaram as cinematographer, but was dropped after some progress. When revived with a new story, it had a largely new cast and crew while Ramachandran remained as the star. Filming took place primarily in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], and was completed within 100 working days.

''Adimai Penn'' was released on 1 May 1969 and became a box office success, with a theatrical run of over 175 days, and a turning point in Ramachandran's career. It won many awards, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]], and three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], including [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (First Prize) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Female Character Artiste]] for Pandari Bai. A digitally restored version of the film was released on 14 July 2017

== Plot ==
Abhirami Mangamma, a princess, is desired by Sengodan, a king. Several years later, Sengodan sees Abhirami (now a queen and married) out hunting. He declares his love, but Abhirami says that she is a mother. Sengodan tries to kill her son, prince Vengaiyan and Abhirami severs Sengodan's leg. The king Vengaiyan from the Vengaiya mount kingdom goes to Sengodan's country (Soorukathu kingdom) seeking justice, and Sengodan agrees to a duel. The duel takes place over a net with spears below it; the dueller will lose if he loses his weapon or falls from the net, and his country will be enslaved by the winner. Since Sengodan has only one leg, king Vengaiyan binds his own leg and the duel begins. Vengaiyan wins, but then Sengodan kills him.

Sengodan orders his men to seize the country and summon the queen and her son. One of the king's aides escapes and saves the queen, but Vengaiyan is taken prisoner. All women in the country are enslaved. The queen stays in hiding for many years. The king's aide is imprisoned and sees Vengaiyan, who has been forced to live in a two-foot-high cell, and has not learnt how to speak or eat with his hands. They escape from the prison by the river. The aide dies in his granddaughter Jeeva's arms after she promises to heal Vengaiyan and help abolish slavery in their country. Jeeva takes Vengaiyan to her hut, teaches him to speak, write and fight. Vengaiya begins to understand that he is a prince, but is a hunchback because of his confinement.

Vengaiya saves a girl from two warriors. When he is helping the girl (who is bound between two heavy wooden planks, like a pillory), his spine straightens, allowing him to stand normally. Jeeva tells the prince what he must do, and shows him his mother. When he sees his mother's condition, Vengaiyan vows to free the country from Sengodan's enslavement. The prince, with help from Jeeva and others, attacks a group of soldiers and begins freeing people from slavery. During one assault, he meets Magudapathy, the leader of the neighbouring Pavala kingdom who is related to Sengodan. Magudapathy is astonished to see Jeeva because of her resemblance to his queen, Pavalavalli. He conspires to replace the queen with Jeeva and take over the country, which separates Vengaiyan and Jeeva from their followers. The commander, claiming the prince is a spy, hides Jeeva.

Pavalavalli, who is actually Jeeva's sister, presides over the prince's trial. She is attracted to him, and orders that he be released and posted as her bodyguard. The commander plans to kill both the queen and the prince at a party with a poisoned drink, but it is moved by one of the prince's aides, a magician. The commander orders the arrest of the prince and the queen. Jeeva impersonates the queen so she and Vengaiya can be freed and allowed to return to their country. Pavalavalli is dressed in Jeeva's clothes and kept in captivity, to be killed later. The commander goes to the prison and admits his plan; Vengaiyan kills him and escapes with Pavalavalli, thinking she is Jeeva.

Vengaiyan finally reaches his country, which has changed during his long absence. His house has been gutted by fire, his farms plundered and his men oppose him. Vengaiyan tells them his story, coercing them to rejoin the army. Pavalavalli joins Sengodan's side, awaiting revenge. Abhirami Mangamma is captured by Sengodan's men, who threaten to execute her. Vengaiyan and his men sneak into the palace and fight Sengodan; he kills Sengodan, releases his mother and frees his kingdom.

== Cast ==
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as King Vengaiyan and Prince Vengaiyan<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Jeeva and Pavalavalli<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2017 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் நடித்த போது... ஜெயலலிதா! |language=ta |trans-title=When I acted with MGR... Jayalalithaa! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/mgr---100/2017/dec/13/mgr---100-2825808.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723134345/http://www.dinamani.com/mgr---100/2017/dec/13/mgr---100-2825808.html |archive-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[S. A. Ashokan|Ashokan]] as Sengodan<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Manohar (actor)|Manohar]] as Magudapathy
* [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] as The doctor of campaign, the Prince Vengaiya's friend
* [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as the magician
* [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Azhagu's elder sister<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=12 September 2016 |title=பால்யத்திலிருந்து பாட்டியாகும் வரை ஆடிக்கொண்டிருந்த ஜோதிலட்சுமி! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/14975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703082545/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/14975 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Rajasree]] as Muthazhagi
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Abhirami Mangamma<ref name="filmcompanion" />
* [[Baby Rani]] as Azhagu<ref name="vikatan review" />
* Udayabhanu as a slave (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title='என் ஆதரவு ஓ.பன்னீர்செல்வத்துக்கே!'{{'}} - கொந்தளிக்கிறார் ராகுல் தாத்தா |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/80275-i-support-ops---says-naanum-rowdy-than-fame-rahul-thaaththa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200707055332/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/80275-i-support-ops---says-naanum-rowdy-than-fame-rahul-thaaththa |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Production ==

[[M. G. Ramachandran]] had the desire to make ''Adimai Penn'' as early as 1963.<ref name="silver jubilee" /> As director, producer and lead actor, he launched the film with [[B. Saroja Devi]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]] as the lead actresses and P. N. Sundaram as cinematographer. Some scenes were filmed, but the project was dropped. When relaunched with a new story, Ramachandran remained in his positions (except directing, which was given to [[K. Shankar]]) and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] was cast as the sole female lead, while V. Ramamoorthy was hired as the new cinematographer,<ref name="50 years" /> and [[K. Narayanan]] as the editor.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=244}} This was the second film Ramachandran produced after ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' (1958).<ref>{{Cite web |last=சுந்தரதாஸ் |first=ச. |date=1 July 2019 |title=பொன் விழா ஆண்டில் இந்தப் படங்கள் 1969–2019 |url=https://thinakkural.lk/article/31021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529043105/https://thinakkural.lk/article/31021 |archive-date=29 May 2021 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=[[Thinakkural]] |language=ta}}</ref> This was [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]]'s last film with Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2017 |title=Adimai Penn gets the digital treatment |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/13/adimai-penn-gets-the-digital-treatment-1104.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717134758/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/jul/13/adimai-penn-gets-the-digital-treatment-1104.html |archive-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Filming took place primarily in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="50 years" /> and was completed within 100 working days.<ref name="dinamalar" /> During the filming, Ramachandran was given a white fur cap to shield him from the desert sun; this would later become his signature look.{{sfn|Kannan|2017|p=147}} For the climax scene, Ramachandran fought with an actual lion which was later named Raja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2014 |title=Birth Anniversary Speical: A Tribute to M G Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu's Demigod |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140117/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/tribute-m-g-ramachandran-tamil-nadu%E2%80%99s-demigod |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200905175808/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140117/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/tribute-m-g-ramachandran-tamil-nadu%E2%80%99s-demigod?gImgId=41245 |archive-date=5 September 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The film was colourised using [[Eastmancolor]].<ref name="fundamental" />

== Themes ==
According to Ramachandran, ''Adimai Penn'' is neither a [[Historical fiction|historical]] nor a social, or a "story with exciting, cinematic effects", but it focuses "on some fundamental issues in the society, which makes the human spirit to suffer and weaken."<ref name="fundamental" />

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adimai Penn (1969) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000756.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630051600/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000756.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |access-date=20 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> It marked Jayalalithaa's debut as a [[playback singer]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2017 |title=MGR – J Jayalalithaa's Adimai Penn digitalised |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180217/mgr-j-jayalalithaas-adimai-penn-digitalised.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717160233/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/180217/mgr-j-jayalalithaas-adimai-penn-digitalised.html |archive-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> on the sets of ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' (1968), Ramachandran saw her perform a [[Meera]] [[bhajan]]. Impressed, her offered her to sing "Amma Endral Anbu" for ''Adimai Penn''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundaram |first=Vaasanthi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bazbDwAAQBAJ&q=Adimai+Penn |title=The Lone Empress: A Portrait of Jayalalithaa |date=8 April 2020 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9789353056636 |location=India |quote=It was during a break on the sets of ''Kannan en kaadalan'' (1968) [...] that MGR chanced to hear Jayalalithaa sing an intricate Meera bhajan [...] He was so impressed that he wanted her to sing in their forthcoming magnum opus ''Adimai penn''.}}</ref> Although the first Tamil film signed by playback singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] was ''[[Shanti Nilayam]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=நவ்ஷத் |date=6 January 2017 |title=எஸ்பிபி 50 ஆண்டுகள்: 'எனக்கு இசைதான் தாய்மொழி' |trans-title=SPB 50 years: Music is my mother tongue |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/216264-50.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200227072930/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/216264-50-3.html |archive-date=27 February 2020}}</ref> ''Adimai Penn'' (in which he sang "Aayiram Nilave Vaa") ended up releasing earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2015 |title=MSV: Master of melodies |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/msv-master-of-melodies-indian-cinema-music.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822232727/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/msv-master-of-melodies-indian-cinema-music.html |archive-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> T. M. Soundararajan was chosen to sing "Thaai Illamal" as it needed "more zeal".<ref name="50 years" />

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28.16
| title1 = Aayiram Nilave Vaa
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| lyrics1 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length1 = 4.56
| title2 = Amma Endral
| extra2 = [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length2 = 4.59
| title3 = Kaalathai Vendravan
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]] , [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics3 = Avinashi Mani
| length3 = 6.14
| title4 = Thaai Illamal
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics4 = [[Alangudi Somu]]
| length4 = 3.36
| title5 = Unnai Paarthu
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| length5 = 5.14
| title6 = Yemmattraathe
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| length6 = 4.37
}}

== Release ==

''Adimai Penn'' was released on 1 May 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 1969 |title=Adimai Penn |page=12 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905180956/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|3|c|year=1969}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|50|l|year=1969}} according to a 2019 estimate by ''[[Dinamalar]]'',<ref name="dinamalar" /> and became a turning point in Ramachandran's career.{{Sfn|Kannan|2017|p=146}} It ran for 175 days at the Chintamani Theatre in Madurai, for 100 days in theatres in Madras, Trichy, Kovai and Salem, and 120 days at the Central Theatre in Nellai.<ref name="thinakaran" /> In 1970, a dubbed [[Hindi]] version named ''Koi Ghulam Nahi'' ({{Translation|No one is a slave}}) was released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=7 December 2016 |title=Jayalalithaa's fleeting Hindi cinema connect |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Jayalalithaas-fleeting-Hindi-cinema-connect/article16771594.ece1 |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220053846/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Jayalalithaas-fleeting-Hindi-cinema-connect/article16771594.ece1 |archive-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 10 May, "Some movies are made for the passion of making them. Some are made for regretting later. Some are made to entertain. When entertainment is the prime factor everything that is possible is brought in to please the masses. One such movie is Emgeeyar films ''Adimai Penn''". The reviewer praised V. Ramamurthy's cinematography, but felt the music was "not up to the other achievements of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 1969 |title=Outdoors exploited |pages=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690510&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905180957/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690510&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=5 September 2020}}</ref> On 1 June, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' called it a new type of film, saying no such film was made in Tamil so far, and compared it favourably to American films like ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' (1959) and ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (1949).<ref name="vikatan review" /> Reviewers appreciated Jayalalithaa for singing in her own voice, comparing her favourably to actresses [[T. R. Rajakumari]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]] who were known for singing in their own voices as opposed to using playback singers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weidman |first=Amanda |title=Brought to Life by the Voice: Playback Singing and Cultural Politics in South India |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-520-97639-9 |pages=89}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Award
!Awardee
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[17th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Adimai Penn''
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgQfAQAAMAAJ&q=Adimaippenn |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1970 |pages=296 |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905180957/https://books.google.com/books?id=AgQfAQAAMAAJ&dq=Adimaippenn+award&q=Adimaippenn&hl=en |archive-date=5 September 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (First Prize)
|''Adimai Penn''
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="thinakaran" />
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Character Artiste (Female)]]
|[[Pandari Bai]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="silver jubilee" />
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2017 |title=கருணாநிதி மறந்த 'மந்திர சக்தி!' |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26956 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703082501/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26956 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|Tamil Nadu Cinema Fans Association Awards
|Best Actress
|[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=6 December 2016 |title=Ten films to remember Jayalalithaa by |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HBRowwXn0V9dbNFA10vNfL/Ten-films-to-remember-Jayalalithaa-by.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911045023/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/HBRowwXn0V9dbNFA10vNfL/Ten-films-to-remember-Jayalalithaa-by.html |archive-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
|}

== In popular culture ==
One scene in the film involving the magician changing the various glasses of juices kept while narrating a story to Magudapathy, by which Magudapathy's glass with poison gets mixed up, was re-enacted in ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2016 |title=Hindi cinema copied his scenes |work=[[DTNext]] |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2016/12/08001923/1023111/Hindi-cinema-copied-his-scenes.vpf |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135941/http://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2016/12/08001923/1023111/Hindi-cinema-copied-his-scenes.vpf |archive-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

== Re-release ==

''Adimai Penn'' was digitally restored and re-released on 14 July 2017.<ref name="filmcompanion" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Nine films to open on July 14! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nine-films-to-open-on-july-14-news-tamil-rhkpMUbchgbji.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200227072202/https://www.sify.com/movies/nine-films-to-open-on-july-14-news-tamil-rhkpMUbchgbji.html |archive-date=27 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="50 years">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=2 May 2019 |title=Adimai Penn: The film that made icons |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-the-mgr-classic-adimai-penn-is-remembered-even-today/article27009447.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190507093226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/why-the-mgr-classic-adimai-penn-is-remembered-even-today/article27009447.ece |archive-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite news |date=21 January 2019 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக் : பொன்விழா ஆண்டில் அடிமைப்பெண் |language=ta |trans-title=Flashback: ''Adimai Penn'' in its 50th year |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/75235/special-report/Adimaippenn-enters-in-50th-year.htm |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190507091531/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/75235/special-report/Adimaippenn-enters-in-50th-year.htm |archive-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="filmcompanion">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 July 2017 |title=Southern Lights: Adimai Penn |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/southern-lights-adimai-penn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204011610/http://www.filmcompanion.in/southern-lights-adimai-penn/ |archive-date=4 February 2018 |access-date=20 July 2017 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
<ref name="vikatan review">{{Cite web |date=1 June 1969 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: அடிமைப் பெண் |trans-title=Movie Review: Adimai Penn |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40528--2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200501070323/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/40528--2 |archive-date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]]}}</ref>
<ref name="silver jubilee">{{Cite news |date=29 July 2019 |title=175 நாட்கள் ஓடி வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட அடிமைப் பெண்! 50-வது ஆண்டு! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2019/jul/29/adimai-penn-tamil-film-3202693.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190810062423/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2019/jul/29/adimai-penn-tamil-film-3202693.html |archive-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="thinakaran">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2013 |title=கே.ஆர்.விஜயாவுக்கு பதிலாக nஜயலலிதா நடித்த படம் |url=http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2013/10/01/?fn=f1310014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200504045816/http://archives.thinakaran.lk/2013/10/01/?fn=f1310014 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=[[Thinakaran]]}}</ref>
<ref name="fundamental">{{Cite web |last=Kantha |first=Sachi Sri |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=6 August 2018 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 46 {{!}} Nadodi Mannan and Adimai Penn |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-46/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200703080455/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-46/ |archive-date=3 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ |title=MGR: A Life |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-93-86495-88-4 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-year=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0317056}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilMovie}}
{{K. Shankar}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:1960s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1960s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Fiction about regicide]]
[[Category:Films about Indian slavery]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about sisters]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films set in fictional populated places]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Adimai Penn - Revision history

Flying Bee at 17:44, 11 August 2021