>Arjayay at 16:59, 26 June 2021

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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
In Indian culture, the '''Agnivanshi''' are people who claim descent from [[Agni]], the [[Vedic]] god of fire. The Agnivanshi lineage ('''Agnivansha''' or '''Agnikula''') is one of the three lineages into which the [[Rajput clans]], [[Parihar]]s (Gurjara pratihara) divided, the others being the [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] (descended from [[Surya]], the sun god) and the [[Chandravanshi]] (descended from [[Chandra]], the moon god). According to medieval legends, there are four Agnivanshi clans: [[Chauhan]]s (Chahamanas), [[Parihar]]s (Pratiharas), [[Parmar]]s (Paramaras) and [[Solanki (clan)|Solankis]] (Chaulukyas).

Apart from Rajputs, several other Indian communities and dynasties have legends of fire-born ancestry. [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] theorises that the fire-lineage legends signify a new class of [[Kshatriya]] warriors, as opposed to the earlier warriors who claimed descent from the [[solar dynasty|solar]] and [[lunar dynasty|lunar]] lineages mentioned in the ancient texts. Among the clans now known as the Rajputs, the legend might have been invented by Padmagupta, a 10th-century court poet of the [[Paramara dynasty]]. His ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' is the earliest source claiming an Agnivanshi origin for the Paramaras. He might have been motivated by the fact that the Paramaras were the only royal family in their region without a mythical account of heroic or divine origin. The 16th century Rajput bards might have extended the legend to include other imperial dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against Muslims.

== Paramara legends ==

Among the dynasties that are now called Rajputs, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kings of Malwa were the first to claim an ''Agnikula'' ("fire clan") ancestry. Several inscriptions and literary works composed during the Paramara era mention this legend.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=32}} The earliest known source to mention this story is the ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' of the Paramara court poet Padmagupta Parimala. The Sanskrit-language epic was composed during the reign of [[Sindhuraja]] (ca. 997-1010). Its version of the legend is as follows:{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=444}}

{{Quote box
|title = The Agnikula legend of ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita''
|quote = On Mount Arbuda ([[Mount Abu|Abu]]), the priest of [[Ikshvaku]] royal house ([[Vashistha]]) once made a sacred grove. The son of Gadhi ([[Vishvamitra]]) stole the [[kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]] of Vashistha, just like [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] had once stole the cow of [[Jamadagni]]. The [[barkcloth]] on the bosom of [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]] (Vashistha's wife) became soaked with tears. The earliest of the knowers of [[Atharva Veda]] (Vashistha) then made a [[homa (ritual)|fire offering]] with [[mantra]]s. A hero with a bow, a crown and golden armour emerged from the fire. He brought back Vashistha's cow. The grateful owner of the cow named this hero "Paramara" ("slayer of the enemy"), and gave him the power to rule the entire earth. From this hero, who resembled [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Manu]], sprang the (Paramara) dynasty.
}}

Padmagupta's ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'' is based on the life of Sindhuraja, but is of little historical value.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12220 |title=Historical biography in Indian literature |editor=Siba Pada Sen |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |year=1979 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12220/page/n44 30]}}</ref> The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara inscriptions (such as the [[Harsola copper plates]]) or literary works (such as [[Halayudha]]'s ''Mritasanjivani''). Therefore, it appears that Padmagupta invented the legend in late 10th century.{{sfn|Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=14}} By this time, all of the Paramaras' neighbouring dynasties claimed descent from mythical heroes or gods: the Pratiharas from [[Lakshmana]], the Chahamanas (Chauhans) from [[Surya]] (Sun), the Chaulukyas from [[Brahma]]'s water pot (''chaluka''), and the [[Chandela]]s from [[Chandra]] (Moon). The Paramaras were the only ones without a legend of mythical origin. This might have motivated Padmagupta to invent a new legend with Sindhuraja's approval.{{sfn|Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}

The post-Sindhuraja Paramara inscriptions and literary works widely mention the Agnikula myth. The Paramara inscriptions which mention this legend include the ''Udapur Prashasti'' inscription, the Nagpur stone inscription, the Vasantagarh inscription, the Arthuna inscription of Chamundaraja, the Neminath Jain temple inscription, the Donagaragrama inscription, the Patnarayan inscription and the [[Jagadeva#Jainad inscription|Jainad inscription]].{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=32}} ''Tilaka-Manjari'' by Dhanapala, a contemporary of the Paramara king [[Bhoja]], also supports this account.{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=3}} Some of the later inscriptions mention the name the dynasty's progenitor as "Dhumaraja" (smoke-king) instead of "Paramara".{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=14}}

== Chauhan accounts ==

The earliest of the [[Chauhan]] inscriptions and literary works do not claim Agnivanshi descent. These sources variously state that the dynasty's legendary founder Chahamana was born from [[Indra]]'s eye, in the lineage of the sage Vatsa, in the [[solar dynasty]] and/or during a ritual sacrifice performed by [[Brahma]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=10-12}}

Some recensions of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', an epic poem by [[Chand Bardai]], contain a legend similar to the Paramara legend. However, this version does not present the sages Vashistha and Vishwamitra as rivals. It goes like this:{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=445-446}}{{sfn|Sharma|1959|pp=3-4}}
{{Quote box
|title = The Agnikula legend of ''Prithviraj Raso''
|quote = One day, [[Agastya]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]], Vashistha, Vishwamitra and other great [[rishi|sages]] started a major sacrificial ceremony on Arbuda (Mount Abu). [[daitya|Demons]] interrupted the ceremony by polluting it with flesh, blood, bones and urine. To get rid of these demons, Vashistha performed a [[Homa (ritual)|homa ritual]]. This led to the appearance of a hero named Pratihara ("door-keeper"), who Vashistha placed on the road leading to the palace. After this, another hero named [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chalukka]] appeared from the hollowed palm of [[Brahma]]. Finally, a third hero appeared, who sage named Pavara (or Para-mara, "slayer of the enemy"). However, these three heroes were not able to stop the demons. Vashistha then dug up a new fire pit, and made yet another offering to the fire, to conjure a new hero. This four-armed hero held a sword, a shield, a bow, and an arrow. Vashistha named him Chahavana, performed his coronation with Vedic hymns, and then ordered him to fight the demons. The sage also asked the goddess [[Ashapura Mata|Ashapura]] to help the hero. Chahuhvana killed the demon Yantraketu, while the goddess killed the demon Dhumraketu. On seeing this, the other demons fled. Pleased with Chahuvana's bravery, the goddess agreed to be his [[kuladevata|family deity]]. [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], the hero of ''Prithiviraj Raso'', was born in this family.
}}

''Prithviraj Raso'' is the earliest source that includes four different Rajput dynasties (not just the Paramaras) in this legend. Scholars such as [[Dasharatha Sharma]] and [[C. V. Vaidya]], who analyzed the earliest available copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'', concluded that its original recension did not contain this legend at all.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=9}} The earliest extant copy of ''Prithviraj Raso'', dated to 15th century, contains only one sentence regarding the origin of Chauhan dynasty: it states that [[Manik Rai|Manikya Rai]] was the first valiant Chauhan, and he was born from Brahma's sacrifice.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=447}} R. B. Singh believes that the 16th century poets came up with the legend to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=17-18}}

Adaptions of the ''Prithviraj Raso'' legend occur in later works written under the patronage of the various Chauhan dynasties. One notable adaption is found in ''Hammira Raso'' (1728 CE), which describes the life of [[Hammir Dev Chauhan|Hammira-deva]], the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chauhan king of Ranthambore]]. It was composed by Jodharaja, a court poet of prince Chandrabhana of [[Neemrana]]. Its version of the legend is as follows:{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=448-449}}

{{Quote box
|title = The Agnikula legend of ''Hammira Raso''
|quote = [[Parashurama]] slaughtered [[Kshatriyas]] (warriors) 21 times. The only escapees were those who disguised themselves as women, those who fled leaving behind their swords and those who fell at his feet. The absence of any warriors led to a dark age, where [[rakshasa]]s (demons) increased in number, [[Vedas]] came to be trampled under feet, and Hinduism was forgotten. The sages then visited Parashurama's cave on Mount Abu. There, all the gods, men and [[nāga]]s assembled and came up with a plan to destroy the demons. Vashistha erected a fire altar and worshipped [[Shiva]], who appeared before the sages. But the demons disrupted the ceremony by throwing impurities like blood, flesh and garbage on the altar. Twenty sages, including their leader Vashistha, then invoked Brahma and Shiva. They erected a new altar and conducted a fresh ceremony, singing hymns from the ''[[Sama Veda]]''. Following this, four sword-bearing warriors emerged from the fire pit, and defeated the demons. Parashurama and [[Shakti]] blessed the newly created heroes. Chohan, one of the heroes, was four-armed. The sage [[Bhrigu]] told him that he would be protected by the goddess [[Shakti]] in his endeavours to kill the demons. The goddess protected Chohan from all dangers: every time he fell at her feet, his strength doubled and he was able to slay the demons. The goddess came to be known as Ashapuri because she fulfilled the hopes ("asha") of the sages.
}}

A slight variation occurs in the writings of Surya Malla Mishrana, the court poet of [[Bundi State|Bundi]]. In this version, the various gods create the four heroes on Vashistha's request.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=16}} According to the bardic tale of the [[Khilchipur State|Khichi]] clan of Chauhans, the Puwar (Paramara) was born from [[Shiva]]'s essence; the Solankhi (Solanki) or Chaluk Rao (Chaulukya) was born from Brahma's essence; the Pariyar (Parihar) was born from Devi's essence; and the Chahuvan (Chauhan) was born from the [[Agni|fire]].{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=6}} The myth also appears with some variations in the [[Sisana]] inscription of the Chauhans of Bedla, and the ''Khyat'' of [[Muhnot Nainsi|Nainsi]].{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=4}}

== Other accounts ==

''Dvyasraya-Mahakavya'', an account of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (Solankis) by [[Hemachandra]] (c. 1088–1173 CE), mentions the Agnikula legend while describing the origin of the Paramaras.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=33}} The Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=9}}

The ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'', some of whose portions date as late as the 19th century, also contains the legend with some variations. In this version, the [[Kanyakubja Brahmins]] conducted a sacrifice on Mount Abu to appease [[Brahma]]. The recital of the [[Vedas|Vedic]] mantras produced four [[Kshatriya]] heroes: [[Samaveda|Samavedin]] Paramara, Yajurvedin Chahumana ([[Chauhan]]), Trivedin Shukla and [[Atharvaveda|Atharvavedin]] Parihara ([[Pratihara]]).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.474408 |title=Vikrama Volume |publisher=Scindia Oriental Institute |year=1948 |page=597 |oclc=673844}}</ref>{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=3}}

[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l Fazl]] mentions another variation of the legend in his ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'': In 761 BCE, a sage called Mahabaha kindled a flame and established a fire temple, which started attracting several devotees. Later, the [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], unhappy with these [[Brahmanism|Brahminical]] rites, managed to get an order prohibiting this style of worship. The fire temple devotees then prayed to seek a hero who would overthrow Buddhism and restore their traditional faith. The "Supreme Justice" then conjured a hero from the now-cold fire temple. This hero, called Dhananjaya (or Dhanji), attained power in a short time and restored the Brahminical rites. He came to Malwa from Deccan, and established a government there. When his fifth-generation descendant Putaraja died childless, the nobles elected one Aditya Ponwar as his successor. The Paramara dynasty descended from Ponwar.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=34}}

== Interpretations ==

Padmagupta's legend appears to be based on a similar story mentioned in ''[[Balakanda]]'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (1:53:18 — 1:54:3). In this story, Vishvamitra (initially a Kshatriya) snatches Vashistha's [[Kamadhenu]] cow (called "Shabala"). With Vashistha's permission, the cow creates the non-Indo-Aryan warriors who defeat Vishvamitra's army. These warriors include the [[Barbaras]], the [[Kambojas]], the [[Pahlavas]], the [[Shakas]], and the [[Yavana]]s.{{sfn|Sharma|1959|p=4}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=458}} The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' repeats this legend with some variations. In this version, the stolen cow (called "Nandini") retaliates by creating the various [[mleccha]] tribes from different parts of her body. Seeing the power of the Brahmin Vashistha, Vishvamitra decides to become a Brahmin as well.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=458-459}}

Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted the Agnikula myth to suggest a foreign origin for the Agnivanshi Rajputs. According to this theory, the foreign ancestors of these Rajputs came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around 5th century CE. They were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Yadava|1982|p=35}} [[James Tod]], who relied on bardic legends, was the first to propose this theory.{{sfn|Singh|1964|pp=20-25}} He speculated that the Agnivashi Rajputs, who were of "good-stature and fair", could not have descended from the "dark, diminutive and ill-favoured" aboriginal natives of India. He proposed that their ancestors were [[Scythians]] and other groups residing beyond the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=20}} [[A. M. T. Jackson]] proposed a similar theory, but argued that the Rajputs had originated from [[Gurjar]]s, who according to him, came to India as part of invading hordes. The basis for his theory was the Agnivanshi myth, and the prevalence of surnames such as Pavar (Parmar) and Chavan (Chauhan) among Gurjars.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=25-26}} The theory was further supported by other British scholars as well as some Indian scholars, such as [[D. R. Bhandarkar]].{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=27}} [[William Crooke]] theorised that the demons referred to in the Agnikula legend were [[Buddhist]] rivals of the Brahmins.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=454}} He argued that the Kshatriya descent was based on status rather than descent, and therefore [[Brahmin]]s conducted a purification or initiation fire ritual to raise the status of foreign warriors who helped them repress the Buddhists.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=27}}

The foreign-origin theory has been criticised by several later scholars. [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] states that the colonial historians saw the foreign-origin theory as a way of justifying their own colonial invasion.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=439}} R. B. Singh criticises Indian supporters of the theory for having failed to see the "subtle game" of the colonial historians.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=439-440}}

Hiltebeitel argues that the ''Ramayana'' story cannot be the origin of the Agnikula myth, because it has nothing to do with birth from fire.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=459}} There are other mythological legends involving sages and birth of warriors, which do not support the foreign-origin theory. For example, the ''Ramayana'' also mentions that Vashistha and [[Rishyasringa]] performed a ceremony that resulted in the birth of [[Rama]] and his three brothers. The ''Pratisarga-Parvan'' of ''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' mentions a legend according to which the Brahmins destroyed the mlecchas by pulling them into a sacrificial fire pit (rather than creating them from it).{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=461}} Besides, the fire-origin legend is not unique to the Rajputs. There are several south Indian legends of fire-born dynasties and communities:

* The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] work ''[[Purananuru]]'', which predates the Paramaras, mentions a fire-born chief: the ruler of Tuvarai (identified with [[Dvārakā]]). This ruler, who was an ancestor of Pulikatimal [[Irunkovel]] of Arayam, came out of "the sacrificial fire-pit of the [[Rishi]]".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=462-463}}
* An inscription issued during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (r. c. 1178–1218 CE) also mentions a fire-born legend. According to it, the [[Idangai]] ("left-hand") castes were created from the ''agni-kunda'' (fire pit) to protect the sacrificial ceremony of the sage [[Kashyapa]]. They migrated from [[Antarvedi]] to the Chola country as attendants of migrant Brahmins, during the reign of the emperor Arindama.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=465}}
* The legends of the [[Telugu-language|Telugu]] speaking castes [[Balija]]s (including their offshoots [[Kavarai]]s and Janappans) and [[Thogataveera|Togatas]] claim that their ancestors were born from sacrificial fire-pits.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=465}}
* From the 19th century, peasant castes typically classified under Shudra category, such as [[Vanniyar]]<ref name=" Hugo Gorringe ">{{cite book | first= Hugo |last=Gorringe |year=2005 |title= Untouchable Citizens Dalit Movements and Democratization in Tamil Nadu |page=61| publisher= University of Edinburgh |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Untouchable_Citizens/9ouHAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=peasant+caste+vanniyar&pg=PA61&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name="Christophe Jaffrelot">{{cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |year=2012 |title=Rise of the Plebeians The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies| page=445 |publisher= Taylor and Francis |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rise_of_the_Plebeians/tDN0MinxMigC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vanniyar+peasant+caste&pg=PA445&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name=" Rupa Viswanath">{{cite book | first=Rupa | last=Viswanath |year=2014 |title= The Pariah Problem Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern India| page=273| publisher= Columbia University Press |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Pariah_Problem/QnbeAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vanniyars+labors&pg=PA273&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name="Vijaya Ramaswamy">{{cite book | first=Vijaya | last=Ramaswamy | year=2017| title= Historical Dictionary of the Tamils| page=385| publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers| url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/ALUvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vanniyars+labors&pg=PA385&printsec=frontcover}}</ref><ref name="Geert de, Henrike">{{cite book |first=Geert de | last=Neve | year=2005| title= The Everyday Politics of Labour Working Lives in India's Informal Economy| page=58| publisher= Taylor and Francis| url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Everyday_Politics_of_Labour/ppbkEJAEVCIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=vanniyar+low+caste&pg=PA77&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> have made claims that their ancestor Rudra Vanniya Maharaja (or Vira-Vanniyan) was born from the flames of a fire sacrifice. This sacrifice was performed by the sage Jambava (also Champuva or Shambhu) to ward off the demons Vatapi and Mahi. Vira-Vanniyan had fours sons, and his family defeated the demons with the help of the goddess [[Durga]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=467-468}} Certain Merchant and Artisan castes have fire born myths as well. Many Lower castes use a process of [[Sanskritisation]] to get upward mobility by creating such fire myths. Vanniyars are historically considered lower caste. From the 19th century they have been trying to gain a upward mobility to move away from lower status using these Agnikula myths<ref name="Vijaya Ramaswamy" />
* The 15th century Tamil ''Mahabharata'' of Villiputtur Alvar makes three references to Agnivanshi (fire), [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] (solar) and [[Chandravanshi]] (lunar) dynasties. One particular segment describes the [[Chola]] king as from the solar dynasty, the [[Pandyan]] king as from the lunar dynasty and the [[Chera]] king as from the fire dynasty. The more ancient ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' alludes to the [[solar dynasty|solar]] ancestry of the Cholas and the [[lunar dynasty|lunar]] ancestry of the Pandyas, but remains silent on the ancestry of the Cheras. The ''Tiruvilayatar Puranam'' (or ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]''), possibly from the 17th century, repeats the Villiputtur Alvar's account.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|pp=471-472}}

Hiltebeitel notes that the common theme among all these "fire-origin" legends is not the theft of a cow: rather, it is the creation of a new order of Kshatriyas (as opposed to the traditional [[solar dynasty|solar]] and [[lunar dynasty|lunar]] Kshatriyas mentioned in the ancient sources).{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=473}} Hiltebeitel further theorises that the Agnikula myth is of south Indian origin,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=470}} and may have been transmitted to northern India by the feudatories of the [[Pallavas]] and the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=475}} He suggests that the Tamil-language ''Silappatikaram'' legend is "an Agnikula myth waiting to be realized". It mentions solar and lunar ancestry of the Cholas and Pandyas respectively, but remains silent on the ancestry of the Cheras. According to a legend in this text, after the destruction of the Chola and the Pandya capitals (the latter by ''agni'' or fire), it is the Chera king who redeems the royals by establishing the worship of [[Kannagi]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=474}} Besides the south Indian legends of fire-origin, Hiltebeitel also connects the [[Chaulukya]]s (Solanki Rajputs) to the south Indian [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]] in his support. Before the popularisation of the Agnikula myth, both these dynasties claimed origin from [[Brahma]]'s ''chaluka'' (folded palm or water-pot). The [[Guhilot]] Rajputs of [[Mewar]] as well as the Chaulukyas of Gujarat are known to have employed Brahmins from Deccan for fabricating their myths of origin.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=469-470}} [[D. C. Sircar]] also suggested that the Paramara court poet Padmagupta might also have been a native of southern India. According to Paramara inscriptions, his patron [[Vakpati Munja]] had achieved military successes in southern India.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1999|p=470}}

According to K. N. Seth, the foreign-origin theory is weakened by the fact that the Agnikula legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records (such as the [[Harsola copper plates]]).{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=16}} Moreover, the earliest Paramara-era accounts do not mention the other Rajput clans as fire-born.{{sfn|Seth|1978|p=16}} The early Chauhan dynasties were centered around [[Ajmer]]-[[Pushkar]] region, and their association with Mount Abu is a later invention.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=23}}

R. B. Singh argues that if the ancestors of Rajputs were the Indo-Aryan natives of north-western India, Tod's claim of stark differences between the appearances of the Scythians and the natives is misleading, as both the groups have [[Indo-European migrations|Indo-European]] origins.{{sfn|Singh|1964|p=22}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |first=Dasharatha |last=Sharma |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=978-0-8426-0618-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |first=Alf |last=Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PR1 |year=1999 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34055-5 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 }}
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Narain |last=Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |title=Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj |journal=Studies in History |volume=22 |number=22 |year=2006 |pages=181–220 |doi=10.1177/025764300602200202|s2cid=144128358 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Singh |first=Arvind K. |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=R. B. |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Yadava |first=Ganga Prasad |title=Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aY_I3zgxfpsC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Concept |year=1982 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}

[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:Mythological peoples]]

Agnivansha - Revision history

>Arjayay at 16:59, 26 June 2021