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{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = {{circa}} 1110–1135 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Prithviraja I]]
| successor = [[Arnoraja]]
| issue = [[Arnoraja]]
| queen = Somalladevi
| father = [[Prithviraja I]]
}}
'''Ajayaraja II''' (r. c. 1110–1135 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]], and also repulsed the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions after losing some part of his territory to them. The establishment of the [[Ajmer]] city is attributed to him.

== Early life ==

Ajayaraja succeeded his father [[Prithviraja I]] on the Chahamana throne. He was also known as Salhana. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' and ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' call him Alhana, which appears to be a variant of Salhana.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=38}}

He married Somalladevi, who is also known as Somaladevi, Somalekha or Somelekha.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=133}}

== Establishment of Ajmer ==

The 12th century text ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' states that Ajayaraja II established the city of Ajayameru (modern [[Ajmer]]).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=87}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] notes that the earliest mention of the city's name occurs in Palha's ''[[Pattavali]]'', which was copied in 1113 CE (1170 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) at [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. This suggests that Ajmer was founded sometime before 1113 CE.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}} A ''prashasti'' (eulogistic inscription) issued by [[Vigraharaja IV]] found at [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] states Ajayaraja II (Ajayadeva) moved his residence to Ajmer.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1911|pp=68–74}}

The later text ''Prabandha-Kosha'' states that it was the 8th century king [[Ajayaraja I]] who commissioned the Ajayameru fort, which later came to be known as the Taragarh fort of Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=87}} According to historian R. B. Singh, Ajayaraja I probably founded the city, as inscriptions dated to 8th century CE have been found there.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=88}} Singh theorizes that Ajayaraja II later enlarged the town, constructed palaces, and moved the Chahamana capital from [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Shakambhari]] to Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=131–132}}

== Military career ==

=== Paramaras ===

The [[Paramara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]] had been weakened because of invasions from the [[Chaulukya|Gujarat Chaulukya]] king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Taking advantage of this, Ajayaraja seems to have expanded the Chahamana kingdom by capturing the Paramara territory.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=130}} Ajayaraja defeated Sulhana (or Sollana), who was probably a commander of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]] According to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription, Sulhana was a ''dandanayaka'' or general (the ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' names Sulhana as the king of Malwa, but there was no Paramara king by that name). The inscription states that Sulhana was captured in the battle, tied up to the back of a camel, and brought to the Chahamana capital Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=129}} An inscription found at [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] in Ajmer boasts that Ajayaraja conquered the territory up to [[Ujjain]] after defeating the ruler of Malwa.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=129-130}}

=== Chachchiga, Simdhala and Yashoraja ===

The [[Bijolia]] rock inscription states that Ajayaraja killed three heroes named Chachchiga, Simdhala and Yashoraja, who were from Shrimarga-durdda. The identity of these rulers and localities are not certain, but these people were probably local chiefs who owed allegiance to a neighbouring king.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=130–131}}

Some scholars such as Akshay Kirti Vyas believe that Shrimarga and Durdda were two distinct localities.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}} [[John Faithfull Fleet]] identified Shrimarga with modern [[Bayana]]. A. K. Vyas and R. B. Singh identified Durdda with modern Dudhai (in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) on the basis of similar-sounding names. These places are located to the east of the traditional Chahamana territory, which suggests that Ajayaraja made an attempt to expand the kingdom's boundaries eastwards. According to Singh, this theory is also corroborated by the discovery of his coins in [[Mathura]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=130-131}}

Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] disagrees with this theory. According to him, Bayana was not part of the Chahamana kingdom even in the late 12th century: it was controlled by the ruling dynasty of Tribhuvanagiri, who were ultimately defeated by [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. Similarly, the phonetic association of Dudhai with Durdda is not justified. This area was under [[Chandela]] control, and there is no evidence of Ajayaraja having conquered it. Had Ajayaraja conquered such distant territories by defeating the local dynasties, this achievement would have been mentioned in the Chahamana inscriptions and the ''Prithviraja Vijaya''. Moreover, Bayana and Dudhai are two distinct, distant places; the Bijolia inscription suggests that the three chiefs came from one locality. According to Sharma, it is possible that ''durdda'' is an error for ''durga'' ({{lit|fort}}). This means that these three chiefs were defenders of a fort named Shrimarga. The inscription states that Ajayaraja defeated the three chiefs before defeating the Malwa general. Sharma, therefore, theorized that Ajayaraja defeated the three warriors during his Malwa campaign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}}

=== Ghaznavids ===

The ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'' states that Ajayaraja defeated the ''Garjana Matanga''s ("[[Ghazna]] Muslims").{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}} The ''Prabandha Kosha'' also claims that Ajayaraja defeated "Sahavadina" (Sanskritized form of Shahab-ud-Din). This probably refers to his repulsion of invasions by [[Ghaznavid]] generals. The 13th century Muslim historian [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] states that the Ghaznavid ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] made several expeditions to India during this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=131}}

According to Mihaj-i-Siraj's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' and [[Firishta]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firishta'', Muhammad Bahlim (Bahram Shah's governor in India) had captured the [[Nagaur]] fort. Nagaur was under Ajayaraja's control at least until 1121 CE, as attested by ''[[Prabhavaka Charita]]'' (the text calls him Alhadana, which appears to be a Sanskritized form of his alias Alhana). This suggests that Ajayaraja lost some of his territory to the [[Ghaznavid]]s. After Bahlim died, Salar Hussain succeeded him as the governor of Ghaznavid territories in India. Ajayraja's victory over the ''Garjana Matanga''s was probably the repulsion of a raid by either Bahlim or Salar Hussain.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}}

== Last years ==

The ''prashasti'' found at the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] states that Ajayaraja appointed his son [[Arnoraja]] as his successor. He then [[vanaprastha|retired to the forest]] beside the [[Pushkar]] lake.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=42}}

== Religion ==

According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', Ajayaraja was a devotee of [[Shiva]]. The ''Devasuri-Charita'' (in ''[[Prabhavaka Charita]]'') suggests that he was also tolerant towards [[Vaishnavite]]s and [[Jain]]s. The ''[[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara-Gachchha]]-[[Pattavali]]'', a Sanskrit text containing biographies of the Kharatara Jain monks, indicates that he allowed Jains to build temples in his new capital Ajayameru ([[Ajmer]]). He also donated a golden [[kalasha]] to a [[Parshvanatha]] temple.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=41}} Raviprabha Suri's ''Dharmaghosha-Stuti'' mentions that he was the judge of a debate between the [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Dharmaghosha Suri and the ''[[Digambara monk]]'' Gunachandra.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=42}}

== Coinage ==

''Prithviraja Vijaya'' states that Ajayaraja "filled the earth" with so many silver coins (''rupaka''s), that he took away the fame of other kings. An inscription at the Ruthi Rani temple at [[Dhod]] suggests that these coins were in use at least until the reign of his grandson [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]. Ajayaraja's silver coins have been found at many places, including [[Rajasthan]] and [[Mathura]]. These coins feature a seated goddess on one side, and the legend "Shri Ajayadeva" on the other side.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=132}}

The ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' also mentions that his consort Somelekha had new silver coins every day. Somelekha or Somalekha appears to be a variant of Somalladevi, which was the name of Ajayaraja's queen according to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription. Some rare silver coins featuring a king's head and the legend "Shri Somaladevi" (or "Shri Somalladevi") in [[Nagari script]] have been discovered. Copper coins featuring the same legend with the image of a horseman have also been found. These are among the few coins issued by Indian queens.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=133}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Har Bilas Sarda |author-link=Har Bilas Sarda |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |chapter=Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra |publisher=Scottish Mission |year=1911 |url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/1953/218387_Ajmer_HIstorical_And_Descriptive.pdf?sequence=2 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]

Ajayaraja II - Revision history

CletaMacfarlane at 15:45, 18 November 2025