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{{Short description|Pakistani intelligence chief (1924 -1988)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=October 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General officer|General]]
| name = Akhtar Abdur Rahman Khan
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz|TI(M)]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]
| image =
| order1 = 5th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = 29 March 1987
| term_end1 = 17 August 1988
| predecessor1 = [[Rahimuddin Khan]]
| successor1 = [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]]
| order2 = 7th [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 1979
| term_end2 = 29 March 1987
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Riaz Khan]]
| successor2 = [[Hamid Gul]]
| order3 = [[Adjutant general]] GHQ
| term_start3 = 1977
| term_end3 = 1979
| order4 = [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of the [[12th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|12th Infantry Division]]
| term_start4 = 1974
| term_end4 = 1977
| birth_date = 11 June 1924
| birth_place = [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]], [[British India]]<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2035909/1-gen-akhtar-abdul-rahman-man-behind-soviet-defeat-afghanistan/?amp=1|title = Gen Akhtar Abdul Rahman, the man behind the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan|date = 17 August 2022}}</ref>(now in [[Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1988|8|17|1924|6|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bahawalpur]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Airplane crash]]
| alma_mater = [[Government College University Faisalabad]]
| profession = [[Soldier]]
| allegiance = {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan
| branch = {{Army|Pakistan}}
| serviceyears = 1947–1988<ref name="The Nation, 2010" />
| rank = General
| commands = [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] [[12th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|12th Army Division]], [[Murree]] [[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)
| unit = 2 Field Regiment Artillery
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1948]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]] [[Soviet–Afghan War]]
| awards = Sitara-e-Basalat
| mawards = [[File:Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Nishan-i-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} [[File:Sitara-e-Basalat.png|40px]]{{small|[[Sitara-i-Basalat|Sitara-e-Basalat]]}} [[File:Tamgha-e-Imtiaz.png|40px]]{{small|[[Tamgha-i-Imtiaz|Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Military)]]}} 
}}
'''Akhtar Abdur Rahman Khan''' [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], [[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz|TI(M)]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]] ([[Urdu]]: اختر عبد الرحمن&lrm;; 11 June 1924 – 17 August 1988),<ref name="The Nation, 2010" /> was a Pakistani senior army general who served as the 5th [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] from 1987 to 1988 and as also served as the 7th [[Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence]] from 1979 to 1987.<ref name=Adamec>{{cite book|last=Adamec|first=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-7815-0|edition=4th Revised|page=41}}</ref> As DG [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], General Akhtar collaborated with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and masterminded the [[Operation Cyclone|resistance network]] of the [[Afghan Mujahideen]] against the [[Soviet Union]], eventually managing to force the Soviets out of [[Afghanistan]]. Due to his close friendship with [[President of Pakistan]] [[General Zia-ul-Haq]], General Akhtar was widely considered to be the second most powerful man in the country during [[Zia ul-Haq|General Zia's]] eleven-year military [[dictatorship]]. He [[Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|died]] in the plane crash which also killed [[Zia ul-Haq|General Zia]] and the [[US Ambassador to Pakistan]] [[Arnold Lewis Raphel]]. After his death, his sons [[Humayun Akhtar Khan]] and [[Haroon Akhtar Khan]] joined politics and have been elected as [[Members of Parliament]] and headed key ministerial portfolios several times.

==Education==
Akhtar Abdur Rahman Khan was born on 11 June 1924 in [[Peshawar, North-West Frontier|Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province]].<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2035909/1-gen-akhtar-abdul-rahman-man-behind-soviet-defeat-afghanistan/?amp=1|title = Gen Akhtar Abdul Rahman, the man behind the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan|date = 17 August 2022}}</ref> into a [[Kakazai]] [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] family.<ref name=express>{{Cite web |last=Rahi |first=Arwin |date=2020-02-25 |title=Why Afghanistan should leave Pakistani Pashtuns alone |url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/ |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=2020-06-26 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503132315/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Nation, 2010">{{cite news|last=Staff report|title=General Akhtar Abdul Rehman (Shaheed)|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/17-Aug-2010/General-Akhtar-Abdul-Rehman-Shaheed|access-date=13 September 2012|newspaper=The Nation|date=17 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428031114/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/17-Aug-2010/General-Akhtar-Abdul-Rehman-Shaheed|archive-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="PKKH, 2012">{{cite news|last=Shah, Mariam|title=An Unsung Hero of Modern History: Gen Akhtar Abdur Rehman|url=https://waybackmachine.org/web/20170926191336/http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/archive/2012/08/17/an-unsung-hero-of-modern-history-gen-akhtar-abur-rehman/|access-date=24 June 2016|newspaper=PKKH|date=12 August 2012|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926191336/http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/archive/2012/08/17/an-unsung-hero-of-modern-history-gen-akhtar-abur-rehman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akhtar's father, Dr Abdul Rahman Khan was a doctor in a government hospital in Peshawar, [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]).<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2035909/1-gen-akhtar-abdul-rahman-man-behind-soviet-defeat-afghanistan/?amp=1|title = Gen Akhtar Abdul Rahman, the man behind the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan|date = 17 August 2022}}</ref> He lost his father at the tender age of four and was raised by his mother, after the family moved to East Punjab in British India. He enrolled in [[Government College University (Faisalabad)]] in 1941, subsequently earning a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Statistics]]<ref name="The Nation, 2010" /> in 1945 followed by a [[Master of Science]] in [[Economics]] in 1947.<ref name="The News International, 2012">{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Salman|title=General Akhtar Abdul Rahman Shaheed (1924–1988)|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-126934-General-Akhtar-Abdul-Rahman-Shaheed-%281924-1988%29|access-date=13 September 2012|newspaper=The News International|date=17 August 2022}}</ref> He also was key in capturing the Indian fortress of Qaiser-e-Hind.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22865519-the-battle-of-hussainiwala-and-qaiser-i-hind|title=The Battle of Hussainiwala and Qaiser-I-Hind: The 1971 … }}</ref>

==Military career==

===Rising through the ranks===
General Akhtar Abdur Rahman joined the [[British Indian Army]] in 1946, before becoming [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]] in [[Pakistan Army]] in 1949.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> After witnessing the traumatic events during the [[Partition of India|partition]], Akhtar was appointed as an instructor at the Artillery School in [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]. Later, he was selected for an infantry training course with the [[British Army]] and was sent on deputation to complete a course in the United Kingdom.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> Upon returning to Pakistan, he was promoted to the rank of [[Major]] and posted as a [[military adviser]] to [[East Pakistan Rifles|East-Pakistan Army]] from April 1954 to October 1954.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Humayun Akhtar Khan General Akhtar Abdur Rehman in 1955 in East Pakistan|date=11 August 2010|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/humayunakhtarkhan/5682962083/}}</ref> He was later transferred back to [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General combatant headquarters]] (GHQ) as a [[staff officer]], a position he held from April 1956 to February 1957.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> He actively participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] and was appointed at [[IV Corps (Pakistan)|IV Corps]] as an operational field officer.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> In the 1965 war he gallantly defended the Lahore sector and that led to his promotion to [[lieutenant-colonel]] and he remained [[second-in-command]] of the infantry regiment in Lahore.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> After the war, he was promoted to the rank of [[Colonel]] while being stationed with the IV Corps. Later, he was promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier]] and transferred to [[Northern Pakistan|northern]] parts of the country where he commanded an infantry brigade in [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]].<ref name="The News International, 2012" />

In 1971, he was promoted to the Two-Star General rank of [[Major-General]] and served as [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of the [[12th Infantry Division (Pakistan)|12th Infantry Division]] stationed in [[Murree]]. as GOC of the 12th Infantry Division, General Akhtar was considered very close to Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] and personally received Bhutto whenever he visited the command office of the 12th Division.<ref>{{cite web|last=By Humayun Akhtar Khan|title=Major General Akhtar Abdur Rehman with Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in Murree in 1975|date=9 January 2006|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/humayunakhtarkhan/5683513484/in/photostream/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=By Humayun Akhtar Khan|title=General Zia – ul – Haq and Major General Akhtar Abdur Rehman with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in Murree, 1976|date=9 January 2006|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/humayunakhtarkhan/5682946533/}}</ref> He did not take part in the [[Operation Fair Play|1977 military coup]] and privately opposed the martial law to remove [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Six months after the military coup of 1977 he was appointed as [[adjutant general]] at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|General Headquarters]] for the next two years.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> During this time, General Akhtar became aware of a conspiracy in which Lieutenant-General Faiz Ali Chishti of [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], a close associate of General Zia-ul-Haq, secretly became rebellious and conspired to stage a military coup in the country.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> As early as of 1979, Akhtar received a call from General Chishti and met him at his office in [[Chaklala Cantonment|Chaklala Military District]] (CMD).<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> At this meeting, General Chishti informed him of the conspiracy that aimed to topple General Zia-ul-Haq and sought his assistance. According to the [[The News International|News International]]'s intelligence unit, Chishti was under the impression that since Rahman had not been promoted, he would accept this invitation; especially when he was promised that after the coup worked out successfully, he would not only be promoted but would also become one of the pillars of the new regime.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> After returning to the GHQ, General Akhtar contacted General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] and foiled the plot against Zia.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> In June 1979 after the counter-coup had been foiled, [[President of Pakistan|President]] General Zia-ul-Haq awarded General Akhtar a promotion to [[Lieutenant General]] and appointed him Director General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]].<ref name="The News International, 2012" />

===Soviet–Afghan War===
When the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army in Afghanistan, Pakistan's top military brass led by General Akhtar believed that [[Pakistan]] would be the [[Soviet Union]]'s next target. They felt that because of Pakistan's strategic location and given the fact that it has warm water ports in the [[Arabian Sea]], it was a prime target for future invasion. Considering the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] invasion of [[Afghanistan]] threatened Pakistan's national security, Pakistan's premier intelligence agency the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] headed by General Akhtar started providing financial, military, and strategic assistance to the Afghan mujahideen. The [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] received billions of dollars in military assistance from the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] to train and command the Afghan rebels in a bid to defeat the Soviets. This covert operation was known as [[Operation Cyclone]], and was executed with the CIA providing the money and weapons, the ISI training and commanding the Afghan Mujahideen groups, and the Mujahideen conducting [[guerrilla warfare]], ultimately leading to the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. During this time, General Akhtar developed a highly effective working relationship with key figures in the United States including [[CIA Director]] [[William Casey]] and [[Congressman]] [[Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)|Charlie Wilson]].

During his tenure as DG ISI, General Akhtar's influence on Pakistan's [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|atomic weapons program]] grew and he worked tirelessly to collect around him colleagues who were equally dynamic and determined to make the ISI an organisation that would influence the domestic and external policies of the country and it was under him that the ISI became recognized one of the most powerful spy agencies in the world.<ref name="The News International, 2012" /> In 1987, at the pinnacle of his career after having achieved remarkable success as in the Afghan war and protecting Pakistan's Nuclear Program, General Akhtar was promoted to the [[four-star rank]] and appointed [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Pakistan|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], the highest ranking four-star assignment in the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]].<ref name="The News International, 2012" />

===Death===
On 17 August 1988, General Akhtar died in a plane crash along with several other high-profile casualties including [[President of Pakistan]] [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] and [[US Ambassador to Pakistan]] [[Arnold Lewis Raphel]]. General Akhtar had accompanied General Zia to [[Bahawalpur]] in his [[C-130B Hercules]] Presidential aircraft to witness a [[M1 Abrams|US M1 Abrams]] tank demonstration. After the Generals witnessed the demonstration, the aircraft departed from Bahawalpur Airport and was expected to reach Islamabad International Airport.[110] Shortly after a smooth takeoff, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air claimed it was flying erratically and then nosedived and exploded on impact, killing all 31 passengers on board. Shortly after the plane crash, the Senate chairman [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] became president and announced Zia's death on radio and TV. [113] There is speculation that various state intelligence agencies including the American CIA, Soviet [[KGB]], Indian [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]], Israeli [[MOSSAD]], and Afghan [[KHAD]] (in retaliation for Pakistani support of the mujahideen in Afghanistan) or an alliance of the four countries intelligence agencies along with dissident groups within the Pakistan Army were involved in the incident.

Shortly after the crash, a board of inquiry was set up to investigate it. It concluded 'the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft'. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no Mayday signal was given.[116] There was also speculation into other facts involving the details of the investigation. A flight recorder (black box) was not located after the crash and previous C-130 aircraft did have them installed. To this day, the cause of the plane crash remains a mystery and has given rise to many conspiracy theories.

===Corruption Charges===
In one of The New York Times investigations,<ref name="NYT-Feb20-2022">{{cite news |author=Jesse Drucker,Ben Hubbard|title=Vast Leak Exposes How Credit Suisse Served Strongmen and Spies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/20/business/credit-suisse-leak-swiss-bank.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=NY | date=20 February 2022|access-date=20 February 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> General Akhtar Abdur Rahman Khan, as the head of Pakistani intelligence agency, helped funnel billions of dollars in cash and other aid from the United States and other countries to the Mujahedeen in Afghanistan to support their fight against the Soviet Union. The same report mentioned that a [[Credit Suisse]] account was opened in 1985, in the name of three General Khan's sons. Years later, the account would grow to hold $3.7 million, the leaked records show. According to the paper, "Two of the general's sons, Akbar and Haroon Khan, did not respond to requests for comment from the reporting project. In a text message, a third son, Ghazi Khan, called information about the accounts "not correct," adding, "The content is conjectural." The claims remain unproven.{{cn|date=May 2022}}.....

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Diffa.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

(''Order of Excellence'')
|-
|'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

(''Crescent of Excellence'')
|'''[[Sitara-e-Basalat]]'''
(''Star of Good Conduct'')
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Tamgha-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

(''Medal of Excellence'')
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Diffa]]'''
(''General Service Medal'')
|-
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
(''War Star 1965'')
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
(''War Star 1971'')
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
(''War Medal 1965'')
|'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
(''War Medal 1971'')
|-
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
(''Pakistan Medal'')
'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

(''100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
(''Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|'''[[Hijri Tamgha]]'''
(''Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|}

==Books mentioning General Akhtar==
* ''Fateh'' by Haroon-ur-Rasheed
* ''Silent soldier'' by Mohammad Yousaf
* ''The Bear Trap'' by Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin
* ''Charlie Wilson's War'' by George Crile
* ''Ghost Wars'' by Steve Coll
* ''A Case of Exploding Mango's'' Mohammad Hanif

==See also==

* [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Riaz Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]|years=1979–1987}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hamid Gul]]}}
{{end}}
{{CJCSC Pakistan |state=expanded}}
{{Zia-ul-Haq's Government}}
{{Pakistan Army template}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Akhtar Abdul}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence]]
[[Category:Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pakistani anti-communists]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Pakistani financiers]]
[[Category:Corruption in Pakistan]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army Artillery Corps officers]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1988]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Pakistan]]

Akhtar Abdur Rahman - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 14:18, 14 August 2023