Ajay Kumar at 18:53, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T18:53:15Z

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{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Abu Hasan Ali Al-Daraqutni
| title = [[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amir al-Mu'minin Fī al-Hadith]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jaques|first1=R. Kevin|title=Authority, Conflict, and the Transmission of Diversity in Medieval Islamic Law|publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers|Brill]]|date=2006|isbn=9789004147454|page=83}}</ref> [[Shaykh al-Islām]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lucas |first1=Scott C. |authorlink= |title=Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal | publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers|Brill]]| date=2004 |isbn=9789004133198 |page=368}}</ref> [[Hafiz (Quran)|Al-Ḥāfiẓ]]
| birth_date = c. 918 CE/306 AH
| birth_place = [[Baghdad]]
| death_date = 995 CE/385 AH {{small|(aged 77)}}
| death_place = Baghdad
| ethnicity =
| occupation = [[Muhaddith]], [[Scholarly method|Scholar]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhahabi|author-link=Dhahabi|first=Imam|title=Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala [ed. Shu'ayb al-Arnaut]|volume=17|page=558}}</ref>
| creed = [[Ash'ari]]<ref name="dispenses">{{cite web|url=https://almostaneer.com/ebooks/أهل-السنة-الأشاعرة-شهادة-علماء-الأمة-و/أكابر-محدثى-الأمة-وحفاظها-وأكابر-فقها/|title=Ahl al-Sunna: The Ash'aris - The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars|language=Arabic|website=almostaneer.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040753/https://almostaneer.com/ebooks/أهل-السنة-الأشاعرة-شهادة-علماء-الأمة-و/أكابر-محدثى-الأمة-وحفاظها-وأكابر-فقها|archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="studies">{{cite web|author='Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Tahir|url=https://www.arrabita.ma/blog/دور-أبي-ذر-الهروي-في-نشر-الأشعرية-بالمغ/|title=دور أبي ذر الهروي في نشر الأشعرية بالمغرب|language=ar|trans-title=The role of Abu Dharr al-Harawi in the spread of Ash'ari theology in Morocco|publisher=[[w:ar:الرابطة المحمدية للعلماء|Muhammadiya Association of Scholars]] (al-Rabita al-Muhammadiyya lil-'Ulamā' in Morocco)|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230413032508/https://www.arrabita.ma/blog/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA/|archive-date=13 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="traditionalism">{{cite book|last1=Holtzman|first1=Livnat|title=Anthropomorphism in Islam - The Challenge of Traditionalism (700-1350)|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|date=7 March 2018|isbn=9780748689576|page=361}}</ref>
| jurisprudence = [[Shafi'i]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |title=The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon ''(Islamic History and Civilization)'' | publisher=Brill| date=2013 |isbn=978-9004158399 |page=138}}</ref>
| main_interests = [[Hadith]], [[biographical evaluation]]
| notable_ideas =
| notable_works = ''[[Sunan al-Daraqutni]]''
| influences = [[Al-Shafi'i]] [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari]] [[Ibn Hibban]] [[Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi]] [[Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid|Ibn Mujahid]]
| influenced = [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani]] [[Abu Dharr al-Harawi]] [[Al-Baqillani]] [[Muhammad bin Husayn al-Sulami]] [[Khatib al-Baghdadi]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B. |last2=Pellat |first2=Ch. |last3=Schacht |first3=J. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=I (C-G) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |date=1991 |orig-year=1st. pub. 1965 |isbn=9004070265 |page=136|edition=New }}</ref> 
| native name lang = ar
| native_name =
}}

'''Abu Hasan Ali ibn Umar ibn Ahmad ibn Mahdi al-Daraqutni''' ({{Lang-ar|أبو الحسن علي بن عمر بن أحمد بن مهدي الدارقطني|translit=Abū ‘l-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn ‘Umar ad-Dāraquṭnī}}, 918 CE — 995 CE) was a 10th-century ''[[muhaddith]]'' best known for compiling the [[hadith]] collection ''[[Sunan al-Daraqutni]]''. He was celebrated later by [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] hadith scholars such as the "[[imam]] of his time" and the "[[Amir al-Mu'minin|''amir al-mu'minin'']] in hadith".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Jonathan A. C.|date=2004|title=Criticism of the Proto-Hadith Canon: Al-Dāraquṭnī's Adjustment of the "Ṣaḥīḥayn"|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/26199539|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–37|doi=10.1093/jis/15.1.1|jstor=26199539|issn=0955-2340|via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Jonathan A. C.|date=2012-10-01|title=al-Dāraquṭnī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-daraqutni-COM_25875?s.num=35&s.rows=50|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Birth===
Al-Daraqutni was born in c. 918 CE/306 AH in the ''Dar al-Qutn'' ({{lang-ar|دار القطن|translit=Dār al-Quṭn}}) quarter of [[Baghdad]], whence he got his ''[[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|translator=Arabic Virtual Translation Center|title=Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coMlEAAAQBAJ|date=7 August 2022 |publisher=Arabic Virtual Translation Center|isbn=|page=}}</ref>

===Education===
Al-Daraqutni grew up in a house of knowledge and virtue, as his father was one of the trustworthy Hadith transmitters, and he watched him in his youth frequenting the circles of knowledge and hearing, memorizing his audios and narrations, and spending the clouds of his day learning and studying.<ref>Asalaat al-Barqani by Daraqutni, pages 1-2</ref> His studies were initially largely restricted to his native Iraq, where he frequented [[Wasit, Iraq|Wasit]], [[Basra]] and [[Kufa]].<ref name=":0" /> Later in life, he travelled to Syria and Egypt and while in the latter, he enjoyed the patronage of the [[Ikhishids|Ikhishid]] [[vizier]] Jafar bin al-Fadl for assisting him with compiling his own hadith collection.<ref name=":0" />

===Teachers===
His teachers in his period include<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Çakan|first=İsmail Lütfi|title=Dârekutnî|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/darekutni|access-date=11 August 2020|website=İslâm Ansiklopedisi}}</ref>
* [[Ibn Hibban]]
* The son of [[Abu Dawood]]
* [[Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi]]
* [[Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid|Ibn Mujahid]], from whom he learned the [[Qira'at|different recitations of the Quran]]
* Abu Sa'id al-Istakhri

===Students===
His students included the hadith scholars:<ref name=":1" /><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite book |last1= Brown |first1=Jonathan |authorlink=Jonathan A. C. Brown |title=The Canonization of Al-Bukhārī and Muslim The Formation and Function of the Sunnī Ḥadīth Canon | publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers|Brill]]| date=30 September 2007 |isbn=9789047420347 |pages=96–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/214197|title=Scholar Of Renown: Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani |website=arabnews.com}}</ref>
* [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]]
* [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani]]
* [[Abu Dharr al-Harawi]]
* [[Al-Baqillani]]
* [[Muhammad bin Husayn al-Sulami]]
===Death===
He died in 995 CE/385 AH and was buried in the Bab al-Dayr cemetery in Baghdad, near the grave of [[Maruf Karkhi]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Theological position==
Al-Daraqutni was a committed follower of the [[Shafi‘i school]], studying [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]] under the Shafi'ite scholar Abu Sa'id al-Istakhri. According to [[Al-Dhahabi]] under the authority of [[Muhammad bin Husayn al-Sulami|Al-Sulami]], Al-Daraqutni was not a fan of [[kalam]] and did not engage in theological discussions.<ref name=":0" /> However, he supported the kalam that was with accordance to the [[Qu'ran]] and [[Sunnah]], and this is evident based on his support for [[Al-Baqillani]] refuting against the [[Mu'tazilah]] and [[Karramiyya]].<ref name="studies" /> His story with Al-Baqillani dispenses with prolongation in proving his adherence to the [[Ash'ari]] school.<ref name="dispenses" />

If [[Baghdad]]'s public milieu had been more supportive of middle-of-the-road traditionalism, Al-Daraqutni, a [[Shafi'i|Shafi'te]] inhabitant, would have rejected the anthropomorphic account as unreliable. However, the [[Hanbali]] extremists who controlled Baghdad made it nearly difficult to reject the anthropomorphic version. The poem gives precise instructions to the [[Muhaddith|Muhaddithun]], who were perplexed when they came across these two distinct, if not contradictory, writings, in addition to the implicit preference for the mild version over the anthropomorphic one. Al-Daraqutni bluntly described the most crucial aspect of the [[Ash'ari|Ash'arite]] method of transmission in this short poem: a systematic insistence on a strict transmission procedure in which the text was communicated verbatim without any verbal or gestural embellishments. Al-Daraqutni undoubtedly saw this stringent procedure as a defence against anthropomorphism. In other words, Hanbalite violence forced Baghdad's middle-of-the-road traditionalists to accept the anthropomorphic version in the tenth century.<ref name="traditionalism" />

He wrote a treatise against [[Muʿtazila|Muʿtazilite]] [[Amr ibn Ubayd]] on the subject of [[anthropomorphic]] narrations in relation to God's attributes and defending the ambiguous texts by providing evidence for its authenticity.<ref name=":0" /> According to [[Ibn al-Jawzi]]'s book entitled ''Mirat al Zamanwzi'', Al-Daraqutni considered [[Ibn Qutayba]] to be one of the innovators whose beliefs leaned towards anthropomorphism attributing direction, shape and image to God. He also claimed that Ibn Qutayba showed enmity towards [[Ahl al-Bayt]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Ayub |first1=Zulfiqar |authorlink= |title=THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars | publisher=Zulfiqar Ayub Publications| date=2 May 2015 |isbn= |page=109}}</ref>

== Works ==
Several of al-Daraqutni's extant works have been published:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== General hadith works ===

*[[Sunan al-Daraqutni|''al-Sunan'']], his primary hadith collection.
*''Kitab al-du'afa wa-l-matrukin'', an alphabetically ordered list of 632 hadith transmitters considered to be ''[[da'if]]'' or rejected.
*''al-'Ilal al-warida fi al-ahadith''
*''al-Mukhtalif wa-l mu'talif fi asma al-rijal'', a list of hadith transmitters who names are similar in spelling but differ in pronunciation.

=== Works on Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim ===
Al-Daraqutni wrote a series of commentaries, addendums and analyses of narrations contained within [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]].
*''Dhikr asma' al-tabi'in wa-man ba'dahum mimman sahhat riwayatuhuu min al-thiqat 'ind Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari''
*''Dhikr asma' al-tabi'in wa-man ba'dahum mimman sahhat riwayatuhu 'ind Muslim''
*''al-Ilzamat ala sahiay al-Bukhari'', a compilation of 109 narrations whose [[Isnad|chains of narration]], according to al-Daraqutni, satisfy the requirements for inclusion in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.
*''Asma al-sahaba allati ittafaqa fiha al-Bukhari wa-Muslim wa-ma infarada bihi kull minhuma''
*''Kitab al-tatabbu'''
*''Kitab fi dhikr riwayat al-sahihayn''

==== Kitab al-tattabu ====
In his ''Kitab al-tatabbu''', al-Daraqutni reviews 217 narrations within the two collections which he deems to be flawed using both ''[[isnad]]'' and ''[[matn]]'' criticism. Reasons given include the ''isnad'' not meeting the requirements for inclusion in the collections, and the commentary of the hadith's transmitters being inadvertently merged with its ''matn''. [[Jonathan A. C. Brown]] cautions that the work is an adjustment to the two collections rather than an attack on their overall integrity.<ref name=":0" />

=== Works on theology ===

* ''Kitāb as-sifāt'', a collection of hadiths concerning the attributes of God.<ref>[https://www.sifatusafwa.com/en/salaf-books-on-sunnah/kitaab-al-sifat-by-imam-ad-daraqutni-foreword-by-shaykh-muqbil.html foreword by Shaykh Muqbil]</ref>
* ''Kitab al-Ru'ya'', a collection of hadiths concerning the vision of Allah on the Day of Judgement.
* ''Ahadith An-Nuzūl'', a collection of hadiths concerning the descent (''nuzūl'') of Allah from the heavens.

=== Other ===

* ''Kitab al-qira'at'', a work on the different recitations of the Quran.

== See also ==
* [[List of Ash'aris]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Ash'ari}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daraqutni}}
[[Category:Shafi'is]]
[[Category:Asharis]]
[[Category:Hadith compilers]]
[[Category:People from Baghdad]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Mujaddid]]
[[Category:910s births]]
[[Category:995 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:10th-century jurists]]
[[Category:Biographical evaluation scholars]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]

Al-Daraqutni - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:53, 28 September 2023