https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Aligarh_MovementAligarh Movement - Revision history2026-07-30T10:39:45ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Aligarh_Movement&diff=485543&oldid=prevNoellaXgt402 at 06:52, 30 April 20262026-04-30T06:52:37Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Religious reforms of Muslims}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Aligarh Movement}}<br />
The '''Aligarh Movement''' was a socioreligious movement in [[British Raj|British India]] aimed to establish a modern system of [[Education in the United Kingdom|Western-style]] [[scientific education]] for the [[Islam in India|Muslim]] population during the later decades of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/history/sir-syed-ahmed-khan-and-the-aligarh-movement/23145/|title=Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement|website=YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library|date=4 January 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref> The movement's name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of [[Aligarh]] in Central India and, in particular, with the foundation of the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] in 1875.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-and-aligarh-movement-1444624799-1|title=Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement|website=Jagranjosh.com|date=12 October 2015 |access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref> The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, was [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]]. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.<br />
<br />
The education reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: a Pakistani Muslim renaissance that had profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture and society of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The failure of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] saw the end of the Mughal empire and the succession of the British. The Muslim society during the post mutiny period was in a deteriorating state. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Muslim society to be educationally, socially and culturally backward. He blamed the prevailing education system for the degrading state of the Muslim society.<ref name="ScrollArticle">{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|title=The forgotten past: Sir Syed and the birth of Muslim nationalism in South Asia|url=http://scroll.in/article/814074/the-forgotten-past-sir-syed-and-the-birth-of-muslim-nationalism-in-south-asia|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Scroll.in|date=21 August 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> This led Sir Syed to initiate a movement for the intellectual, educational, social and cultural regeneration of the Muslim society. This movement came to be known as the Aligarh movement after Sir Syed established his school at Aligarh which later became the center of the movement.{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=6}}<br />
<br />
==Institutes==<br />
* In 1859, Sir Syed established Gulshan School at [[Moradabad]]. In 1862 he founded the Victoria School at [[Ghazipur]].{{sfn|Nizami|1966|p=41}}<br />
* Sir Syed founded the ''Translation Society'' in [[Ghazipur]] in 1863 to translate major works in the field of sciences and modern arts into Urdu.{{sfn|Kidwai|2020|p=38}} It was later renamed as the [[Scientific Society of Aligarh|Scientific Society]] and moved to Aligarh. The Society released two journals – [[Aligarh Institute Gazette|The Aligarh Institute Gazette]] and the [[Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq]], known as the Mohammedan Social Reformer in English.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, for whom educational reform was a way of life|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/sir-syed-ahmad-khan-for-whom-educational-reform-way-of-life/306520/|website=The Print|date=17 October 2019 }}</ref><br />
* In 1866 the ''British Indian Association'' was established at Aligarh with the intention of addressing the political needs of the people.<ref name=dawn/><br />
* The ''Bihar Scientific Society'' was established by Syed Imdad Ali in Muzaffarpur in 1868. The society also launched a fortnightly newspaper, ''Akhbarul Akhyar''.{{sfn|Raza|Kumar|2011}}<br />
*The Bihar Scientific Society and Bhumihar Brahman Sabha together established a college in Muzaffarpur on 3 July 1899. This is now known as Langat Singh College.{{sfn|Sajjad|2014}}<br />
* In 1875 Sir Syed and Moulvi Samiullah Khan established a madarsa ''Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind'' in Aligarh in his bungalow.{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=43}} The school had a primary section and a senior section known as [[Minto Circle|Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegiate School]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=STS School|url=https://amu.ac.in/schools/s-t-s-school|access-date=2021-01-11|website=Aligarh Muslim University|language=en}}</ref><br />
*Two years later, in 1877, the school was converted into the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]].{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=44}}<br />
* In 1877 the foundation of ''Lytton Library'' was laid by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] for the students of MAO College. It was renamed as the [[Maulana Azad Library]] after Independence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Library – Maulana Azad Library {{!}} AMU|url=https://amu.ac.in/libraries/maulana-azad-library/about-the-library|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Aligarh Muslim University|language=en}}</ref><br />
* A debating club was founded at MAO College by Sir Syed in 1884. It was renamed [[Siddons Union Club]] after its first principal Henry George Siddons.{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=211}} It came to be known as ''Muslim University Union'' after the college became a university.<ref name="newslaundry_2017-09-12">{{Cite web|title=The Aligarh Muslim University's constitution is a bundle of contradictions|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/09/12/aligarh-muslim-university-election-constitution|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Newslaundry|date=12 September 2017 }}</ref><br />
* In 1886 Sir Syed founded the ''Muhammedan Educational Congress'', an organisation to reform and educate Indian Muslims. Its name was changed to [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] in 1890.{{sfn|Kidwai|2020|p=49}}<br />
* Sir Syed founded the [[United Patriotic Association]] in 1888 along with [[Raja Sivaprasad]] of Beneras to promote political co-operation with the British and ensure Muslim participation in the British Indian Government.{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=309}}{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=91}}<br />
* In 1889 Sahabzada Aftab Ahmad Khan established ''Duty Society or Anjuman-Al-Farz'' to support the poor and needy students of the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College.{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=287}}<br />
* In 1890 Mohsin-ul-Mulk founded Urdu ''Defence Central Committee'' later renamed to [[Urdu Defence Association]] for the advocacy of Urdu.<ref name=dawn>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-03|title=Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu – the movement lives on|url=https://www.dawn.com/2011/04/03/anjuman-taraqqi-i-urdu-the-movement-lives-on/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=dawn.com|language=en}}{{dead link|date=April 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
* To promote the political interests of the Muslims before the British Government, the ''Muhammedan Anglo-Oriental Defense Association'' was established in 1893.{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=312}}<br />
* In 1893 the Muhammedan Educational Conference established [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] for the promotion of Urdu. The first anjuman was held in Delhi with [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] as its president and [[Shibli Nomani]] its secretary.<ref name=dawn/><br />
* After the death of Sir Syed in 1899, the ''Old Boys Association'' was formed at Aligarh to generate support for the Aligarh Movement. Maulvi Bahadur Ali was the founding secretary of the association.{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=212}}<br />
* ''Sir Syed Memorial Fund'' was established by Sahabzada Aftab Ahmad Khan in 1899 to raise MAO College to a university.{{sfn|Minault|Lelyveld|1974|p=147}}<br />
* In 1901 ''Mohammadan Political Organisation'' was founded by Nawab [[Viqar-ul-Mulk|Waqar-ul-Mulk]] to present Muslim grievances before the government.{{sfn|Hasan|2006}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<br />
* Sheikh Abdullah launched the Urdu monthly magazine ''Khatoon'' in 1904 to promote education of girls.{{sfn|Samiuddin|Khanam|2002|p=288}}<br />
* In 1906 the [[All-India Muslim League|All India Muslim League]] was founded to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims.{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=338}}<br />
* In 1906 Sheikh Abdullah and his wife Wahid Jahan Begum established a small school for girls known as ''Aligarh Zenana Madarsa'' in Aligarh.{{sfn|Lambert-Hurley|2004}}<br />
* In 1914 Begum Sultan Jahan founded the ''All India Muslim Ladies Conference'' at Aligarh. The Begum served as President of the Conference, while Nafis Dulhan Begum from Aligarh was its Secretary.<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Deutsch|first=Karin Anne|date=1998-10-27|others=Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository, Apollo-University Of Cambridge Repository|title=Muslim women in colonial North India circa 1920–1947 : politics, law and community identity|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/229605|language=en|page=90|doi=10.17863/CAM.16006}}</ref><br />
* On 29 October 1920 [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] was established at Aligarh. It was later moved to Delhi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&q=nisar+ahmad+shervani+fida&pg=PA50|title=Dr. Zakir Hussain, Quest for Truth|last=Fārūqī|first=Z̤iāʼulḥasan|date=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-056-7|language=en}}</ref><br />
* On 17 December 1920, MAO College was granted the status of university and [[Aligarh Muslim University]] was established. The Raja of Mahmudabad [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]] was appointed the vice-chancellor.<ref name=noorani>{{Cite web|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|title=History of Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/history-of-aligarh-muslim-university/article8523802.ece|access-date=2020-12-17|website=Frontline|date=27 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* In 1929, Zenana Madarsa became an Intermediate College and In 1930 the girl's college was converted into a ''Women’s College'' under the affiliation of Aligarh Muslim University.<ref name=womenscollege>{{Cite web |title=Struggle for Women's Education and Establishment of Women's College|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/Institutions/womens_college|access-date=2020-12-17|website=aligarhmovement.com |first1=Afzal |last1=Usmani}}</ref><br />
* A new constitution was drafted for the Muslim University Union in 1952 and it came to be known as the [[Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union]]<ref name="newslaundry_2017-09-12"/><br />
<br />
==Members==<br />
The prominent members involved with the movement have included.<br />
* [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]], founder of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]]{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=43}}<br />
* Moulvi Samiullah Khan, first President of ''Muhammadan Educational Conference''{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=96}}<br />
* [[Jai Kishan Das|Raja Jai Kishan Das]], secretary of ''Scientific Society'' and officiating editor of ''Aligarh Institute Gazette''{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=79}}<br />
* George Farquhar Irving Graham, member of "Scientific Society" and biographer of Sir Syed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lieutenant Colonel George Farquhar Irving Graham|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/Lt_Col_Graham}}</ref><br />
* [[Zakaullah Dehlvi]], associate of Sir Syed and member of Scientific Society<ref name=cambridge>{{Cite book|last1=Saikia|first1=Yasmin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLWQDwAAQBAJ&q=nawab+waqar-ul-mulk+biography&pg=PA91|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sayyid Ahmad Khan|last2=Rahman|first2=M. Raisur|date=2019-03-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-48387-2|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]], associate of Sir Syed and member of Scientific Society<ref>{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Ralph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-NjAAAAMAAJ&q=deputy+nazir+ahmad+aligarh+movement+bijnor|title=The Pursuit of Urdu Literature: A Select History|date=1992|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-85649-029-0|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Maulvi Syed Zainul Abideen, associate of Sir Syed, donor of MAO College<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maulvi Syed Zainul Abideen|url=http://aligarhmovement.com/karwaan_e_aligarh/Maulvi_Syed_Zainul_Abideen|website=AligarhMovement.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Khwaja Muhammad Yusuf]], associate of Sir Syed{{sfn|Hasan|2006}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<br />
* Hemedullah Khan, son of Moulvi Samiullah Khan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jung tells AMU students to take lead in "new Aligarh movement"|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-najeeb-jung-tells-amu-students-to-take-lead-in-new-aligarh-movement-2026999|website=DNA India}}</ref><br />
* [[Abdul Majeed Khwaja]], associate of Sir Syed<ref name=noorani /><br />
* [[Mahendra Singh of Patiala]], donor of MAO College<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graham|first=George Farquhar Irving|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIYIAAAAQAAJ&q=life+and+work+of+sir+syed+graham|title=The Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan|date=1885|page=272|publisher=Blackwood|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Henry George Impey Siddons|Henry Siddons]], first Principal of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=201}}<br />
* [[Theodore Beck]], second Principal of MAO College{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=68}}<br />
* [[Theodore Morison]], third Principal of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=221}}<br />
* William Archbold, fourth Principal of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=223}}<br />
* J.H. Towle, fifth Principal of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=225}}{{sfn|Minault|Lelyveld|1974}}<br />
* [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]], trustee of MAO College and founding Vice-chancellor of AMU{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=238}}<br />
* [[Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan]], trustee of MAO College and later Vice-chancellor of AMU<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|title=A blot on India's secularism|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/a-blot-on-indias-secularism/article9721362.ece|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Frontline|date=7 June 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Ross Masood]], trustee of MAO College and later Vice-chancellor of AMU{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=247}}<br />
* [[Ziauddin Ahmad]], founding pro Vice-chancellor of AMU{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=237}}<br />
* [[Raja Sivaprasad]], associate of Sir Syed and founder of ''United Patriotic Association''{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=309}}{{sfn|Hasan|2006|p=91}}<br />
* [[Chiragh Ali]], educationist and associate of Sir Syed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiragh Ali – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e429|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425141851/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e429|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2017|access-date=2020-12-21|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref><br />
* [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I]], donor of MAO College<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brief History of The Nizams of Hyderabad|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/ot-getaway-guides/the-nizams/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Outlook Traveller|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* [[Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh]], honorary secretary of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=187}}<br />
* [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk|Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], secretary of MAO College{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=180}}<br />
* [[Syed Mahmood]], Sir Syed's son and joint secretary of MAO College.{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=194}}<br />
* [[Hasrat Mohani]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parekh|first=Rauf|date=2018-05-08|title=Literary Notes: Hasrat Mohani's political and literary world: a blend of old and new|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1406307|access-date=2020-12-18|website=dawn.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Shibli Nomani]], associate of Sir Syed and first secretary of ''Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu''{{sfn|Ansari|2001}}<br />
* [[Altaf Hussain Hali]], member of the ''Muhammedan Educational Conference''{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=184}}<br />
* [[Syed Ameer Ali]], member of the ''Muhammedan Educational Conference''{{sfn|Minault|Lelyveld|1974|p=149}}<br />
* [[Tufail Ahmad Manglori]], member of the ''Muhammedan Educational Conference''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syed Tufail Ahmad Manglori|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/9629-syed-tufail-ahmad-manglori/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Thomas Walker Arnold]], first president of ''Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu''<br />
* [[Aga Khan III]], founding Pro-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=239}}<br />
* [[Sheikh Abdullah (educationalist)|Sheikh Abdullah]], founder of Women's College, Aligarh{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=190}}<br />
* [[Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]], associate of Sir Syed<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-30|title=Remembering Nawab Ismail Khan|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Aug-2010/Remembering-Nawab-Ismail-Khan|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Kunwar Luft Ali Khan of Chhattari{{sfn|Hasan|2006}}{{pn|date=December 2021}}<br />
* [[Zafar Ali Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873–1956) – Journalism Pakistan|url=http://www.journalismpakistan.com/hall-detail.php?hallid=32&pageid=famed|access-date=2020-12-17|website=www.journalismpakistan.com|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003934/http://www.journalismpakistan.com/hall-detail.php?hallid=32&pageid=famed|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]]<ref name=originofpak>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-27|title=Mohammed Ali Jauhar (1878–1931) and the Origins of Pakistan|url=https://historyofislam.com/contents/the-modern-age/mohammed-ali-jauhar-1878-1931-and-the-origins-of-pakistan/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=History of Islam|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]]<ref name=originofpak /><br />
* [[Sahibzada Aftab Ahmad Khan]], founder of ''Anjuman al-Farz'' or ''Duty Society''{{sfn|Lelyveld|1975|p=287}}<br />
* Abdur Rehman Bijnori<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001-11-08|title=Karachi: Connoisseurs remember Bijnori's contribution|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/5261/karachi-connoisseurs-remember-bijnori-s-contribution|access-date=2020-12-17|website=dawn.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
* Syed Ali Bilgrami{{sfn|Shan Muhammad|2002|p=74}}<br />
* [[Syed Nabiullah]], member of ''Muhammedan Educational Conference'' <br />
* [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]], founding Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=239}}<br />
* [[Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)|Abdul Haq]], secretary of ''Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu''<ref name=dawn/><br />
* [[Syed Sajjad Haider Yaldram]], the founding Registrar of AMU{{sfn|Jaleel|2004|p=239}}<br />
* [[Shah Muhammad Sulaiman]], member of Muhammedan Educational Conference and later Vice-chancellor of AMU<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Shan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMeeAAAAMAAJ&q=Shah+Muhammad+Sulaiman+all+India+educational+conference|title=The All-India Muslims Educational Conference: Select Presidential Addresses, 1886–1947|date=2003|page=433|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7648-457-2|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Khwaja Salimullah]], founding member of All India Muslim League{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}<br />
* [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]], founding member of All India Muslim League<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&q=mian+muhammad+shafi+all+india+educational+conference&pg=PA216|title=Indian Muslims and Partition of India|date=1995|page=216|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-374-6|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Khwaja Ghulam Saiyidain]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mushirul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3ekDwAAQBAJ&q=Khwaja+Ghulam+Saiyidain+aligarh&pg=PT244|title=Legacy Of A Divided Nation: India's Muslims From Independence To Ayodhya|date=2019-03-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-72121-2|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]<ref name=rafi>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of India|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constituent_assembly_members/rafi_ahmed_kidwai|access-date=2020-12-18|website=www.constitutionofindia.net}}</ref><br />
* [[Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvsKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Shia+College%22|title=Islam and the Modern Age|date=1992|publisher=Islam and the Modern Age Society|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Badruddin Tyabji]], donor of MAO College{{sfn|Minault|Lelyveld|1974|p=149}}<br />
* [[Adamjee Peerbhoy]], donor of MAO College and early member of ''All-India Muslim League''<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2020|first1=Mohammed|last1=Wajihuddin|title=As AMU turns 100, Mumbai reflects on its historic bonds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/as-amu-turns-100-mumbai-reflects-on-its-historic-bonds/articleshow/79833237.cms|access-date=2020-12-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Opposition==<br />
{{Main|Deoband–Aligarh relations}}<br />
The chief detractors of the Aligarh Movement were the conservative ''Ulemas'' of the time who blamed Sir Syed for promoting Western ethics and customs among the Muslims.<ref name="ScrollArticle" /> The [[Deobandi|Deoband school]] was also opposed to the Aligarh Movement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGACL5YJRjEC|title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Jyotirindra|date=1970-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520015906|language=en}}</ref> Sir Syed and the movement was ridiculed in the [[Awadh Punch]] by his detractors like [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar|Pandit Ratan Nath Sarshar]], Munshi Sajjad Hussain and [[Akbar Allahabadi]]. He was also opposed by Pan-Islamist thinker and activist [[Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Man Who Became a Movement|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1363851|website=Dawn.com|date=15 October 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
The Aligarh Movement has made a weighty and lasting contribution to the political emancipation of Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zmo.de/dietrich/Reetz%201988.pdf|title=Enlightenment and Islam: Sayyid Ahmad Khan's Plea to Indian Muslims for Reason|website=ZMO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073555/http://www.zmo.de/Dietrich/Reetz|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movement had a profound impact on the Indian society, particularly on the Muslim society compared to the other powerful but less adaptable movements of the 19th century. It influenced a number of other contemporary movements to a great extent that it caused the emergence of other socio-religious movements during the 19th century. The impact of Aligarh Movement was not confined to the [[North India|Northern India]] only, but its expansion could be seen on the other regions of the Indian sub-continent during the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60812/15/15_chapter%208.pdf|title=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|website=shodhganga|publisher=UGC}}</ref> The annual Educational Conferences held in different parts of the country played an effective role in the promotion of education among Muslims and directly or indirectly influenced the growth of institutes like Aligarh Muslim University, [[Osmania University]], [[Dacca University]], Anjuman-i-Tarqqi Urdu, Jamia Millia Islamia, Dar-ul-Uloom Nadva, Lucknow, and Dar-ul-Musannfafin, Azamgarh.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The educational movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, 1858–1898.|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29491/|publisher=SOAS University of London|date=1959|degree=phd|doi=10.25501/soas.00029491|language=en|first=Rahmani B. M. R.|last=Hassaan}}</ref> By the early 1900 Aligarh Movement became the progenitor to a number of socio-religious movements like the [[Urdu movement]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-03-11|title=URDU CONTROVERSY- is dividing the nation further.|url=http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html|access-date=2020-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311170443/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html|archive-date=11 March 2007}}</ref> the [[Khilafat Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Colours of Khilafat Movement|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-united-colours-of-khilafat-movement-2708169.html|website=www.news18.com|date=9 July 2020 }}</ref> and the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |year=1999 |orig-year=First published in 1986 |title=Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood |edition=3rd |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Westview Press |page=4 |isbn=978-0-8133-3621-3 |quote=The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Cited sources==<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Ansari|first=Asloob Ahmad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5GtlbWU8uwC&q=shibli+nomani+aligarh+movement&pg=PA490|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: A Centenary Tribute|date=2001|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7435-276-7|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Tariq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1uAAAAMAAJ&q=aligarh+movement+tariq|title=The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857–2002|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0847-0|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Kidwai|first=Shafey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLIHEAAAQBAJ&q=kidwai+sir+syed+reason|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Reason, Religion and Nation|date=2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-29773-7|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Lelyveld|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foLLGwAACAAJ|title=Aligarh's First Generation: Muslim Solidarity and English Education in Northern India, 1875–1900|date=1975|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of History|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last1=Minault|first1=Gail|last2=Lelyveld|first2=David|date=1974|title=The Campaign for a Muslim University, 1898–1920|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311636|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=145–189|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00005448|jstor=311636|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|url=http://archive.org/details/sayyidahmadkhan00niza|title=Sayyid Ahmad Khan|date=1966|isbn= 978-8123025131|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|others=Public Resource|author-link=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Jaleel|first=Shahid|date=2004|title=The Aligarh movement, a chapter in the history of Indian education|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/52780|degree=phd|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|language=English}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Shan Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7BCcgC0kvsC&q=syed+bilgrami+aligarh+1851+1911&pg=PA74|title=Education and Politics: From Sir Syed to the Present Day : the Aligarh School|date=2002|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-275-2|language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite journal|last=Lambert-Hurley|first=Siobhan|date=2004|title=Fostering Sisterhood: Muslim Women and the All-India Ladies' Association|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/journal_of_womens_history/v016/16.2lambert_hurley.html|journal=Journal of Women's History|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=40–65|doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0047|s2cid=144662758|issn=1527-2036|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Samiuddin|first1=Abida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5Y5eAS6c4C&dq=Muslim+Feminism+and+Feminist+Movement:+India&pg=PA138|title=Muslim Feminism and Feminist Movement: India|last2=Khanam|first2=Rashida|date=2002|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-87746-30-0|language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Sajjad|first=Mohammad|title=Contesting Colonialism and Separatism: Muslims of Muzaffarpur since 1857|publisher=Primus/Ratnasagar|year=2014|isbn=978-9384082048|location=Delhi|pages=}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Syed|last2=Kumar|first2=Subodh|date=2011|title=The Muslim Elite of Bihar and their Responses to the modern education (from the mid of the 19th Century to the beginning of the 20th century)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146779|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=72|pages=884–891|jstor=44146779|issn=2249-1937}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite thesis|title=A Critical Study of the Reformist Trends in the Indian Muslim Society During the Nineteenth Century|url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/1295/|publisher=Aligarh Muslim University|date=2007|degree=phd|language=en|first=Nighat|last=Rasheed|page= |hdl=10603/52379|pages=282–296}}<br />
*Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, The Aligarh movement; its origin and development, 1858–1906 by Ema. Esa Jaina( Book )<br />
*Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava, Study on the movement of Indian Muslim regeneration established at Aligarh, India<br />
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{{Aligarh Muslim University}}<br />
{{Pakistan Movement}}<br />
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[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Movement]]</div>NoellaXgt402