Bhasu at 17:55, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T17:55:27Z

New page

{{Short description|Indian caste organisation}}
The '''All India Kurmi shudra Mahasabha''' (AIKM) is an organisation that was established in 1910 to promote the interests of the [[Kurmi]] community.'''Kurmi caste''' is a [[Shudra]] community living in the [[Terai]] districts of [[Nepal]]. This community is mainly concentrated in [[Madhesh Province]] and districts of [[Lumbini Province]]. The population of Kurmis in Nepal is around 231,000. Kurmis are considered lower in status than the [[Koeri]] community, but some Kurmis associate themselves with Koiris in an attempt to gain higher social recognition. Traditionally, Kurmis worked as household servants, while Koiris were regarded as landlord farmers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021
|url=[https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf](https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Final_Population_compostion_12_2.pdf)
|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal
|year=2021
}}</ref>

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Kurmi<br>
|image = [[File:Kurmi caste womens (house servants).png|thumb|Kurmi caste women (house servants)]]
|caption = Kurmi community in Nepal
|religions = [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]]
|languages = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi]]
}}

The Kurmi community traditionally worked as agricultural laborers and household servants. In the social structure of South Asia, they have often been categorized within the lower middle strata or the [[Shudra]] class.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kurmi
|url=https://://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmi
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Shudra
|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shudra)
|publisher=Wikipedia
}}</ref>

Historically, Kurmis were known as skilled vegetable growers and market-oriented farmers. For example, during much of the 18th century in western and northern Awadh, Muslim landlords provided Kurmis with land at very low rents in order to clear forests and convert them into cultivable farmland. However, once the land became permanently productive, rents were often increased by around 30 to 80 percent above the standard rate. Later, British revenue officials explained these high rents as a result of the reluctance of higher caste rural groups to engage in plough agriculture, although the real reason was the high productivity of the Kurmis, particularly their advanced knowledge and efficient use of manure and fertilizers.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Peasant History of Late Pre-Colonial and Colonial India
|author=Irfan Habib
|url=[https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ](https://books.google.com.np/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ)
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}</ref>

== Origin ==

The Kurmi agriculturist community had a reputation as a hard-working [[caste system in India|caste]] by the authorities of the [[British Raj]]. They were at one time classified as a [[Criminal Tribes Act |criminal tribe]] and had a reputation for being violent and ruthless in their attempts to dominate [[untouchability|untouchable]] communities.<ref name="Kumar" /> Desiring recognition as a caste, the first Kurmi community association was formed in 1894 at [[Lucknow]] to protest against the recruitment policy that debarred them from entry to the police service. This was followed by an organisation in [[Awadh]] that sought to draw other communities such as the [[Patidar]]s, [[Maratha]]s, Kudumbars, [[Velama]], [[Vokkaliga]], [[Khandayat]], [[Kamboj]], under the umbrella of the Kurmi name. This body then campaigned for Kurmis to classify themselves as [[Kshatriya]] but there's no valid proof to support this statement in the 1901 census and, according to [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], this led to the formation of the All India Kurmi Mahasabha in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-29}}</ref> Other sources agree with this general history, which reflected a wider trend among Indian communities for social and political recognition, but consider the AIKKM to have formed in 1894.<ref name="Kumar">{{cite book |title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar |first=Ashwani |last=Kumar |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |isbn=9781843317098 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA35 |page=35}}</ref>

In the 1940s and after, following the [[independence of India]], the position of the AIKKM as a focal point for the community changed. In common with many other caste associations, it had been concerned primarily with resolving disputes among members of the community and with maintaining cohesion but a new breed of educated, youthful Kurmi activists sought a more politicised agenda. They appealed to the upwardly-mobile landowning members of the community to support their goal of recognition for [[Chhattisgarh]] as an independent state within the Republic of India. Some of these people, who included [[Purushottam Kaushik]], formed organisations such as the Nau Yuvak Sangh (1946), while [[Khubchand Bagel]] was elected as head of the AIKKM in 1948 but, like Kaushik, was primarily interested the Chhattisgarh issue.<ref>{{cite book |title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins |first=Louise |last=Tillin |publisher=Hurst Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9781849042291 |pages=119–120, 154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bhumi Sena]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organizations established in 1910]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

All India Kurmi Kshatriya Mahasabha - Revision history

Bhasu at 17:55, 14 May 2026