UpdateBot at 03:13, 10 June 2022

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alladiya Khan
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Ghulam Ahmad Khan
| Recognized_Name =
| Pen_Name =
| alias =
| birth_place = [[Uniara]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1855|8|10}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1946|3|16|1855|8|10}}
| origin = [[Atrauli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| genre = [[Dhrupad]], [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]], [[Khayal]],
| occupation = singer
| years_active = 1870–1944
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Alladiya Khan''' (10 August 1855 – 16 March 1946) was an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] singer who founded the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana]], also referred as just Jaipur Gharana. He is recognized for his revival, reinterpretation, and creations of many rare [[raga|raags]], [[bandish|compositions]], and [[gayaki|techniques]] and for producing disciples like [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]], [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], and [[Mogubai Kurdikar]].<ref name=TheHindu1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/ambassadors-of-their-art/article2275595.ece | title=Ambassadors of their art | date=23 September 2007 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=8 July 2018 }} Updated 20 July 2011.</ref>

==Background==
Alladiya Khan was born on August 10, 1855, at [[Uniara]], a small village in [[Tonk, Rajasthan]], (then under the [[Jaipur State]]) to a [[Shia Muslim]] family of musicians.

===Ancestry===
Khan claims ancestry from Nath Vishwambhar, an ancestor of [[Swami Haridas]].<ref>http://www.chembur.com/anecdotes/alladiya.htm</ref> Having converted to [[Islam]] during the [[Mughal era]], Khan's family traces its history to the [[Adya Gaud Brahmin]]s of [[Shandilya]] [[gotra]].

===Musical Training===
Though his father Ahmed Khan died early in his life, Khan's uncle, Jehangir (of Jaipur), taught him [[dhrupad]] for 5 years and then [[khyal]] for another 8 years. Khan would practice palta exercises for six hours daily well into his 50s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rohiniprasadk.blogspot.com/2005/08/gana-samrat-ustad-alladiya-khan.html|title=Music: Gana samrat Ustad Alladiya Khan}}</ref>

==Career==
Alladiya Khan served in the court of various kings of Rajasthan, including that of Amlata.

===Setback===
Due to overextension of the voice at the request of his patron, Khan lost his voice in his late-30s for nearly two years. His recuperated voice is said to have not regained the quality and sensitivity he had employed earlier. These limitations resulted in the conception of what would become the [[Jaipur-Atrauli gharana|Jaipur gayaki]].<ref name="groups.google.com">{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.music.indian.classical/VYly7nsADvE|title=Redirecting to Google Groups}}</ref>

===Touring===
Khan traveled to [[Bihar]], [[Patna]], [[Allahabad]], [[Nepal]], and [[Baroda]] for some years in the early part of his life to perform for kings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/alladiya-khans-jaipur-atrauli-style-balances-knowledge-art-and-aesthetics/article20010723.ece|title=His gayaki set up a tradition|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 November 2017|last1=Nair|first1=Jyoti}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/database/articles/alladiya_khan.htm|title = Kamat Research Database - Alladiya Khan}}</ref><ref name="groups.google.com"/>

===Kolhapur (1895-1922)===
Later, Khan settled down in [[Kolhapur]] with his family as the court musician of [[Shahu Maharaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.devalclub.org/jaypur-gharana.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120224339/http://www.devalclub.org/jaypur-gharana.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-remembering-ustad-azizuddin-khan-1735454|title = Remembering Ustad Azizuddin Khan|date = 2 September 2012}}</ref>

===Mumbai===
In 1922, he moved to [[Mumbai]] after the king died. He taught many disciples and sang in many [[mehfil]]s in [[Mumbai]]. There, he grew fond of [[natya sangeet]] singers like [[Balgandharva]] and continued to teach his students until his death.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Alladiya Khan died in Bombay on 16 March 1946.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Bhatkhande's Contribution to Music: A Historical Perspective|author=Nayar, S.|date=1989|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861322381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ74dNGEnoEC&pg=PA41|page=41|accessdate=2015-07-12}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=The Music Room: A Memoir|author=Devidayal, N.|date=2009|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9781429921060|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2poHaEu2jk0C&pg=PA187|page=187|accessdate=2015-07-12}}</ref>

His autobiography, as narrated to his grandson Azizzudin Khan Sahab, is available in English translation, as ''My Life'', with an introduction by Amlan Dasgupta and Urmila Bhirdikar, published by Thema, Kolkata, 2000.<ref name=TheHindu>[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/20/stories/1320128b.htm Profile of Alladiya Khan on The Hindu newspaper]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Published 20 March 2000, Retrieved 22 April 2017</ref>

==Musicianship==
===Repertoire===
Alladiya Khan was acknowledged for his creation and resurrection of many complex Raags such as ''Nat Kamod'', ''Bhoop Nat'', ''Kaunsi Kanada'', ''Sampoorna Malkauns'', ''Basanti Kedar'', ''Shuddha Nat'', ''Malavi'', ''Savani Kalyan'', ''DhavalaShree''.

Many of these Raags were sung in the [[Havelis]] in northern [[Rajasthan]], where Khansahab grew up. From ''Haveli Sangeet'' tradition, Khansahab brought many of the Raags in the realm of live concerts and also created Raags and [[Bandish]]es rooted in them. One of the Raags he resurrected was ''Raag Basanti Kanada''. Few of the many Haveli sangeet dhrupads which he made into bandishes were the famous ''Raag Nayaki Kanada'' [[Bandish]] "Mero Piya Rasiya" and Bihagda [[Bandish]] "Ae Pyaari pag hole". "Khan Saheb had never allowed his voice to be recorded."<ref name=TheHindu/>

===Students===
Khansahab's major disciples were Azmat Hussain Khan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dilrangacademy.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=14 |title=Dilrang Academy |website=www.dilrangacademy.org |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> his own younger brother Haider Khan (also spelled Hyder Khan), his own sons, [[Manji Khan]] and [[Bhurji Khan]], and his grandson Azizuddin Khansahab.

Apart from the members of his family, Khansahab's initial disciples were Tanibai Ghorpade, [[Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale]], [[Kesarbai Kerkar]], [[Mogubai Kurdikar]], Govindrao Shaligram, and [[Gulubhai Jasdanwalla]].

==== Extension of legacy ====
Alladiya Khan's students played a major part in extending the influence of Jaipur Gharana.

Alladiya Khan's eldest son, Nasiruddin "Badeji" Khan (1886-1966), could not pursue singing as a profession because of health reasons, so Manji Khan and Bhurji Khan took forward the tradition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldankar |first1=Babanrao |title=Aesthetics of Agra and Jaipur Traditions |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=India |page=xxix}}</ref> Manji Khan, Alladiya Khan's second son, had started teaching [[Mallikarjun Mansur]] in 1935, but Manji Khan died in 1937 (around March 1937); so it was Bhurji Khan, the youngest son, who passed on the [[gayaki]] of his father. [[Mallikarjun Mansur]] and [[Dhondutai Kulkarni]] are among the noted disciples of Bhurji Khan. Gajanan-buwa Joshi of Agra Gharana also received guidance from Bhurji Khan.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Xybs_7b9E4 (first 2 minutes' talk)</ref> Haider Khan's disciples included Mogubai Kurdikar, Laxmibai Jadhav, and his son Naththan Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=179|title=Artist - Hyder Khan (Vocal), Gharana - Jaipur-Atrauli}}</ref> Noted musicologist [[Vamanrao Deshpande]] was Naththan Khan's student. But Naththan Khan died in 1946, just a few weeks after Alladiya Khan's death. Mogibai Kurdikar's students include famous names like her daughter [[Kishori Amonkar]], musicologist Vamanrao Deshpande, Kausalya Manjeshwar, [[Padma Talwalkar]].

==Legacy==
The ''Annual Ustad Alladiya Khan Music Festival'' is celebrated in Mumbai and Dharwad each year, where several singers and musicians perform, giving homage to Alladiya Khan.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/43820946.cms Annual Ustad Alladiya Khan Music Festival] ''[[Times Of India]]'', 19 April 2003, Retrieved 22 April 2017</ref>

===Recordings===
Khan was adamant about not having his voice and style recorded for fear of copyright.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/03/20/stories/1320128b.htm {{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Though, there have been suspicions that ambiguous recordings may belong to Khan or his kin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rec.music.indian.classical/xdQIZy5vteI%5B101-125%5D|title = Redirecting to Google Groups}}</ref> A recording of a thumri is alleged to be featuring Khan singing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/the-masters-voice-2/|title = The Master's Voice|date = 7 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7EOnGuNasdjbQfQU9IckrK/The-age-before-vinyl.html|title=The age before vinyl|date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

===In popular culture===
In 2007, the story of Dhondutai Kulkarni, disciple of the legendary Bhurji Khan, was the subject of Namita Devidayal's debut novel, ''The Music Room''.<ref name=TheHindu1/>

==Further reading==
* ''Khansahab Alladiya Khan'', (as told to his grandson Azizuddin Khan). Translated and introduced by Amlan Dasgupta and Urmila Bhirdikar. Thema, 2000. {{ISBN|81-86017-33-X}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=-EkDt0Gboe8C&pg=PA40 Alladiya Khan] ''Between Two Tanpuras'', by Vamana Hari Deshpande, Popular Prakashan, 1989. {{ISBN|0-86132-226-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-86132-226-8}}. ''page 40''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ustadalladiyakhan.blogspot.com/ Official Website: Alladiya Khan]
*[http://www.chembur.com/anecdotes/alladiya.htm Chembur.com article on Alladiya by Vamanrao Deshpande]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Alladiya}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Vocal gharanas]]
[[Category:Jaipur gharana]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]

Alladiya Khan - Revision history

UpdateBot at 03:13, 10 June 2022