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{{Short description|Brazilian earth observation satellite}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Amazônia-1
| names_list = SSR-1<br/>Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto-1
| image = Amazonia 1 PMM with Payload Module.jpg
| image_caption = Amazônia-1 coupled with Payload Module.
| image_size = 300px

| mission_type = [[Earth observation]]
| operator = [[National Institute for Space Research|INPE]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2021-015A
| SATCAT = 47699
| website = {{URL|http://www.inpe.br/amazonia1/en/|Amazon Mission}}
| mission_duration = {{time interval|2021-02-28 04:54:00||show=ymd}} (elapsed)<br />4 years (planned)<ref name="amazoniabrochure"/>
| orbits_completed =

| spacecraft_bus = MMP
| manufacturer = INPE
| launch_mass = {{cvt|637|kg}}<ref name="amazoniabrochure">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c51-amazonia-1/pslv-c51-amazonia-1-brochure|title=PSLV-C51/Amazonia-1 Brochure|publisher=ISRO|date=23 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223104252/https://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c51-amazonia-1/pslv-c51-amazonia-1-brochure|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| power =

| launch_date = 28 February 2021, 04:54 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lançamento do satélite Amazonia 1 adiado para o dia 28 de fevereiro |url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5652|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satélite brasileiro é embarcado para a Índia para lançamento |url=https://www.sjc.sp.gov.br/noticias/2020/dezembro/22/satelite-brasileiro-e-embarcado-para-a-india-para-lancamento/|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[PSLV-C51]]<ref name="pslvc51">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-to-kick-off-2021-by-launching-its-first-indian-start-up-passenger-into-space-abroad-the-pslv-c51/articleshow/79780410.cms|title=ISRO to kick off 2021 by launching its first Indian start-up passenger into space aboard the PSLV-C51 |publisher=Business Insider|date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|First Launch Pad, Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = [[NewSpace India Limited]]<ref name="PR_20210228">{{cite web|title=PSLV-C51, the first dedicated launch by NSIL, successfully launches Amazonia-1 and 18 Co-passenger satellites from Sriharikota|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-feb-2021/pslv-c51-first-dedicated-launch-nsil-successfully-launches-amazonia-1-and-18-co|publisher=ISRO|access-date=28 February 2021|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319035119/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/28-feb-2021/pslv-c51-first-dedicated-launch-nsil-successfully-launches-amazonia-1-and-18-co|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| disposal_type =
| deactivated =
| last_contact =
| decay_date =

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|748.6|km}}<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=47699|title=Amazonia 1|website=n2yo.com|access-date=February 28, 2021}}</ref>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|764.4|km}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination = 98.5089°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.011083<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_semimajor = {{cvt|7,127|km}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period = 99.8 minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>

| orbit_RAAN = 135.0747°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 261.1190°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 98.8578°<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_epoch = 28 February 2021
| apsis = gee

| instrument_type = camera
| telescope_name = Advanced Wide Field Imager (AWFI)
| telescope_resolution = {{cvt|60|m}}
| telescope_area = {{cvt|850|km}}
| telescope_wavelength = VIS-NIR band

| insignia = Amazônia-1 patch.jpg
| insignia_caption = Amazônia-1 patch satellite
| insignia_size = 200px
}}

The '''Amazônia-1''' or '''SSR-1''' (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto-1''), is the second [[Earth observation satellite]] developed entirely in [[Brazil]], the first being the [[Satélite_de_Coleta_de_Dados|SCD]] series of earth orbiters launched in 1993 which are still in operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=amazonia-1-sera-o-primeiro-satelite-totalmente-desenvolvido-pelo-brasil|trans-title=Amazonia-1 will be the first satellite developed entirely by Brazil|language=Portuguese|title=Amazônia-1 será o primeiro satélite totalmente desenvolvido pelo Brasil|date=22 July 2008 |access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref> Argentinian company [[INVAP]] supplied some components like the main computer, attitude controls and sensors. Brazilian scientists also exchanged information and gave inputs to the Argentine team in the development of such equipment to better suit their needs, and also received training on how to operate it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANIMUS|date=2021-02-28|title=Se lanzó Amazonia-1, el primer satélite brasileño con componentes de INVAP|url=https://www.invap.com.ar/se-lanzo-amazonia-1-el-primer-satelite-brasileno-con-componentes-de-invap/|access-date=2021-03-06|website=INVAP - Investigación Aplicada|language=es-ES}}</ref>

The satelite was launched at 04:54:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (10:24:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|title=Definido o lançamento do satélite brasileiro Amazonia-1 — Coordenação-Geral de Observação da Terra|website=obt.inpe.br|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074909/http://www.obt.inpe.br/OBT/noticias/definido-o-lancamento-do-satelite-brasileiro-amazonia-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=5358|title=Satélite Amazônia-1 começa a ser fechado para a realização de testes ambientais|website=inpe.br|language=pt-br|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satélite de monitoramento da Amazônia deverá ser lançado em fevereiro|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/educacao-e-pesquisa/2020/07/satelite-de-monitoramento-da-amazonia-devera-ser-lancado-em-fevereiro|access-date=2020-07-26|publisher=Governo do Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> Operations will be joint with the [[China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program]] (CBERS-4) satellite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI3465463-EI301,00.html|trans-title=INPE acquires components for the satellite Amazonia-1|language=Portuguese|title=Inpe adquire componentes para o satélite Amazônia-1|access-date=April 9, 2013}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Amazonia 1 assembled.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Amazonia 1 assembled]]

In the early 1990s, the design of SSR (Satélite de Sensoriamento Remoto) satellites, Amazônia-1 precursor, was revised and [[Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais]] (INPE) technicians proposed replacing the polar orbit by an equatorial orbit, and this proposal was accepted. That made sense at that time as Brazil already had polar orbit coverage with the CBERS satellites. SSR-1 suffered several delays, either by lack of resources, or bid disputes. The effective start only occurred in 2001, when a contract was signed for the development of a multi-mission platform specifically, at the time, for this purpose.

In 2001, a joint study between the INPE and [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) was published, found that most of the SSR-1 requirements can be met by two sensors: the Camera [[Visible spectrum|VIS]] / [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|NIR]] and other [[Infrared|MIR]].<ref>Rudorff, Bernardo (10/04/2003), [http://marte.dpi.inpe.br/col/ltid.inpe.br/sbsr/2002/11.18.18.10/doc/17_420.pdf O SATÉLITE DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO SSR-1 PARA MONITORAMENTO DA AMAZÔNIA], INPE, Retrieved 15 May 2016</ref> However, with the publication PNAE=(?) review in 2005, the SSR-1 ceased to be a priority.

== Update ==
[[File:PSLV-C51, Amazônia-1 launch 001.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of Amazônia-1|259x259px]]

Between September and October 2012, a structural model of the Amazônia-1 satellite was subjected to a series of vibration test.

In the latest review of the PNAE, published in January 2013, the Amazônia-1 resurfaced with the same name, and even successors were planned (Amazon-1B in 2017 and Amazon-2 in 2018). However, with polar orbit as a design feature, the release dates of these satellites can not be met. The Amazônia-1 schedule is already delayed by two years.<ref>[http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PNAE-Portugues.pdf PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE ATIVIDADES ESPACIAIS 2012-2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322032820/http://www.aeb.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PNAE-Portugues.pdf |date=22 March 2016 }} [[Brazilian Space Agency]] 22 January 2013 Retrieved 15 May 2016</ref>

The satellite was originally supposed to launch on a Brazilian [[VLS-1]] rocket, but the program was cancelled.

The satellite was successfully launched on 28 February 2021 aboard ISRO's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] ([[PSLV-C51]]) from the First Launch Pad of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].<ref name="latam2020">{{cite news|date=11 May 2018|title=Amazonia-1 será lanzado en 2020|language=spanish|agency=LATAM Satelital |url=http://latamsatelital.com/16255-2/|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name="pslvc51"/> The cost of launch was nearly USD 26 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-08 |title=Brazilian-made satellite begins deforestation monitoring mission |url=https://brazilian.report/tech/2021/03/08/first-brazilian-made-satellite-begins-deforestation-monitoring-mission/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Brazilian Report |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Amazônia 1 with its solar panels deployed.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px|Amazônia 1 in orbit with its solar panels deployed.]]

===Post-launch===
On March 2, 2021, journalist and science communicator Salvador Nogueira reported that according to trackers in the United States, the satellite may be tipping over in its orbit, but that the situation wasn't irreversible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olhardigital.com.br/2021/03/03/ciencia-e-espaco/amazonia-1-fora-de-controle/|title=Satélite Brasileiro Amazônia-1 pode estar fora de controle, afirmam especialistas|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-03|accessdate=2021-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303135706/https://olhardigital.com.br/2021/03/03/ciencia-e-espaco/amazonia-1-fora-de-controle/|archivedate=2021-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> This occurred after the satellite was put into "mission mode," which triggered a safety program where the satellite was in an attitude that ensured its solar panels were exposed to the Sun.<ref name=Proble>{{Cite web|url=https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/07/depois-de-apuros-em-modo-de-sobrevivencia-amazonia-1-ja-faz-imagens-do-brasil/|title=Depois de apuros em modo de 'sobrevivência', Amazônia-1 já faz imagens do Brasil|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-07|accessdate=2021-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308183242/https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/07/depois-de-apuros-em-modo-de-sobrevivencia-amazonia-1-ja-faz-imagens-do-brasil/|archivedate=2021-03-08|url-status=live}}</ref> The journalist later posted on Twitter that the situation may be due to the satellite's release and that it had already been resolved, but is awaiting word from INPE.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=salnog |number=1367105428514099201 |date=2021-03-03 |title=UPDATE na história do Amazonia-1. PARECE que o caso da rotação anômala veio na liberação e agora já está estabilizado/recuperado. Mas seguimos aguardando manifestação oficial do Inpe.|language=pt-br}}</ref> Later Clezio di Nardin, INPE's director, confirmed that the satellite operates normally and is going through the qualification phase, which will last until March 15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/03/inpe-diz-que-operacao-do-amazonia-1-esta-normal/|title=Inpe diz que operação do Amazônia-1 está normal|language=pt-br|date=2021-03-03|accessdate=2021-03-03|author=Salvador Nogueira|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303162320/https://mensageirosideral.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/03/03/inpe-diz-que-operacao-do-amazonia-1-esta-normal/|archivedate=2021-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> The position of Clezio di Nardin and of [[Marcos Pontes]], [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Brazil)|Minister of Science]], was that nothing unusual had happened.<ref name=Proble/>

{{Clear}}

== Features ==
[[File:Amazonia_1_with_MLI_installed_001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Amazonia 1 with [[Multi-layer insulation|MLI]] installed]]

The current design features are as follows:
* Orbit: [[Sun-synchronous orbit]]
* Period of Earth imaging: 4 days
* Optical sighting wide imaging (camera with 3 bands in the [[Visible spectrum|visible]] (VIS) and 1 band in the [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared]] (NIR))
* Observation range: {{cvt|850|km}}<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflight.com/spaceflight-awarded-contract-to-launch-brazils-amazonia-1-spacecraft/|title=Spaceflight Awarded Contract to Launch Brazil's Amazonia-1 Spacecraft|date=2018-12-18|publisher=Spaceflight.com|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref> with {{cvt|60|m}} resolution.
* Platform: Multi-Mission Platform (MMP)
* Weight: {{cvt|637|kg}}

== Instruments ==
* '''Advanced Wide Field Imager (AWFI)''', is a {{cvt|60|m}} resolution camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://database.eohandbook.com/database/instrumentsummary.aspx?instrumentID=405|title=The Ceos Database: Instrument Summary - AWFI|publisher=Database.eohandbook.com|access-date=2014-03-08}}</ref>

== Amazônia-2 ==
The '''Amazônia-2''' satellite was planned for launch in 2022 to replace its predecessor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inpe.br/noticias/arquivos/pdf/Plano_diretor_miolo.pdf|title=Plano Diretor 2011 - 2015 |publisher=Inpe.br|access-date=2014-03-08}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 Bolivia.jpg|Colored composition showing the Manuripi-Heath Amazon National Wildlife Reserve, in Bolivia.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 SaoPaulo.jpg|Real color image showing the metropolitan region of São Paulo and its surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 RepresaSobradinho.jpg|True color image showing the Sobradinho reservoir, Rio São Francisco, and its surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 Ibotirama.jpg|True color image of the city of Ibotirama, BA, the São Francisco River, and surroundings.|File:AMZ1 WFI 20210303 RiodeJaneiro.jpg|Colored composition showing the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and its surroundings|File:Burketown, Australia - Image captured by the Amazônia-1 satellite on May 12, 2021.jpg|Burketown, Australia on 12 May 2021|File:Capitais do Brasil pelo Amazonia-1 Brazil's capitals from Amazonia-1 Curitiba PR (51714921452).jpg|Ilha do Mel and Curitiba on 11 April 2021|File:Capitais do Brasil pelo Amazonia-1 Brazil's capitals from Amazonia-1 Brasília DF (51715717881).jpg|Brasília on 11 April 2021|File:Sinop - Image captured by the Amazônia-1 satellite on 5 May 2021.jpg| Sinop on 5 May 2021|title=Images by Wide Field Imager|width=150|height=100|align=center|footer=via INPE}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Brazilian space program]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Brazil space program}}
{{Orbital launches in 2021}}
{{Rest of the World Reconnaissance Satellites}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 in Brazil]]
[[Category:Earth observation satellites of Brazil]]
[[Category:Earth imaging satellites]]

Amazônia-1 - Revision history

MyIPL at 21:14, 12 March 2026