ShannonAguayo at 12:05, 2 December 2023

2023-12-02T12:05:53Z

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{{Infobox river
| name = Ambuliyar River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
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| map = Ambuliyar River watershed.svg
| map_size = 290px
| map_caption = Drainage basin of the river and its tributaries
| map_alt = Map showing the drainage basin of the river and its tributaries
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth in Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_alt = Map showing the location of the river mouth in Tamil Nadu

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]s
| subdivision_name4 = [[Alangudi taluk|Alangudi]], [[Peravurani Taluk|Peravurani]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
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| discharge1_location= Palk Strait
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|63,800,000|m3/year|ft3/year|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Unnamed [[retention basin]]
| source1_location = Alangudi taluk, Pudukkottai District
| source1_coordinates= {{Coord|10|21|02.8|N|79|00|42.8|E}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation Map|url=https://elevationmap.net/keeramangalam-pudukkottai-in-1011565632|publisher=www.elevationmap.net|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>
| mouth = Palk Strait
| mouth_location = Peravurani taluk, Thanjavur District
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|10|13|05|N|79|16|49.6|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|702.58|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population = 307,000
| tributaries_left = Punakkutiyar River
| tributaries_right = Maruthankudiyar River
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
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}}
The '''Ambuliyar''' or '''Ambuli River''' is a [[intermittent river|non-perennial]] river in the [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] and [[Thanjavur district]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], that flows southeast into the [[Palk Strait]].

==Course==
The Ambuliyar begins as the outflow of a [[retention basin]] east of the town of [[Alangudi, Pudukkottai|Alangudi]] in the [[Alangudi taluk]] of Pudukkottai district. From its source the river flows southeast, passing the towns of [[Vadakadu]] and [[Keeramangalam]].<ref name="Pud DCHB">{{cite web|title=Pudukkottai District Census Handbook|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3320_PART_B_DCHB_PUDUKKOTTAI.pdf|publisher=www.censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> South of [[Peravurani]], the Ambuliyar is joined on its right bank by the Maruthankudiyar River, its largest tributary, which flows into the Ambuliyar from the west. Almost immediately past this confluence, the Ambuliyar is joined on its left bank by the Punakkuttiyar River, which flows into it from the north.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thanjavur District Census Handbook|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3319_PART_A_DCHB_THANJAVUR.pdf|publisher=www.censusindia.gov.in|date=2011|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> After this confluence, the Ambuliyar flows east until it empties into the [[Palk Strait]] south of [[Kodivayal]], forming a small estuary in the [[Peravurani taluk]] of Thanjavur district.<ref name="AE">{{cite web|title=Ambuliyar Estuary|url=http://www.casmbenvis.nic.in/Database/Ambuliyar_estuary_10565.aspx|publisher=www.casmbenvis.nic.in|date=2015-01-21|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> The river runs for a total length of {{convert|48|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Banukumar, K |author2=Paneerselvam, A |author3=Aruchamy, S |author4=Ganesh, A |title=Surface Water Mapping For Watershed Management Using Geospatial Technique |journal=International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences |date=2011 |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/doc/10.1.1.214.8432 |issn=0976-4380 |id={{CiteSeerX|10.1.1.214.8432}}}}</ref>

===Tributaries===
The three main tributaries of the Ambuliyar are the Maruthankudiyar, Punakkuttiyar, and Vellunniyar rivers, which originate in the southwest, northeast, and west of the watershed of the Ambuliyar, respectively. The Vellunniyar joins the Maruthankudiyar at [[Ramasamypuram]], west of where the Maruthankudiyar joins the Ambuliyar.<ref name="GQA">{{cite web|title=Groundwater Quality Analysis|url=https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/3753.pdf|publisher=International Journal of Development Research|date=2015-08-31|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref>

==Basin==
The [[drainage basin]] of the Ambuliyar is located roughly between the lines of longitude of 79° 0′ E and 79° 10′ E, and the lines of latitude of 10° 10′ N and 10° 20′ N, and covers {{convert|702.58|km2|sqmi}} of land in the Pudukkottai and Thanjavur districts of Tamil Nadu. The basin is bordered by the basin of the [[Vellar River (Southern Tamil Nadu)|Vellar River]] to the south and west, the basin of the [[Agniyar River]] to the north, and the Palk Strait to the east.<ref name="AE"/> In 2001, about 307,000 people inhabited the basin,<ref name="AR">{{cite web|title=Agniyar Report|url=http://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Agniyar_Report.pdf|publisher=nwm.gov.in|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> in which the largest settlement is Alangudi, which had a population of 12,367 people in 2011.<ref name="Pud DCHB"/>

===Geology===
[[Alluvium]] and pebbly [[sandstone]], along with sand near the coast, are the prominent geological deposits in the river basin. [[Denudation]]al and [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] landforms such as [[pediment (geology)|pediments]], [[floodplain]], and channel fill make up the majority of the central region of the basin. There is tertiary upland and cretaceous lowland in the northwestern part of the basin, and [[Mudflat|paleotidal flats]] in the southeastern coastal area. Most of the land in the basin is either barren or used for agriculture. The predominant soil types in the basin are [[alfisol]]s and [[vertisol]]s.<ref name="AR"/>

==Flow and irrigation==
Mean annual rainfall in the watershed is {{convert|776|mm|in}}, with a recorded minimum of {{convert|156|mm|in}} and recorded maximum of {{convert|1108|mm|in}}. The large majority of this rainfall occurs during the [[wet season]], between June and December. Precipitation levels during the [[dry season]], which typically lasts between January and May, are greatly reduced. Because the reduced level of rainfall usually cannot match heavy irrigative demand, the river does not normally reach the sea during the first half of the year.<ref name="GQA"/>

6 [[anicut]]s cross the river and divert water to 2534 storage tanks and retention basins, and also to numerous irrigation canals and ditches. Water from the Ambuliyar and its tributaries is used to irrigate {{convert|469.3|km2|sqmi}} of land, mostly for agriculture. However, despite this heavy demand and lack of flow during the dry season, a five-year study recorded an average discharge at the mouth of the river of {{convert|63,800,000|m3|ft3}} of water per year. This could be partly due to supplemental flow from the [[Kaveri River]] via the [[Grand Anicut]] canal, which stretches from the eastern end of [[Srirangam Island]] to where it intersects the course of the Vellar River. Besides meeting the Ambuliyar at two points, the canal also intersects its Vellunniyar and Maruthankudiyar tributaries, along with the nearby Agniyar and Maharajasamundram Rivers.<ref name="AR"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

Ambuliyar River - Revision history

ShannonAguayo at 12:05, 2 December 2023