Ajay Kumar at 18:51, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T18:51:05Z

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{{Short description|Mother of Prophet Muhammad (c. 549–577)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amina <br/>{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|آمِنَة}}}}
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_name = Amina bint Wahb
| birth_date = {{circa|549}} (66 [[Hijri year|BH]])
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_date = 576–577 C.E. / 36 B.H. (Age 27)
| death_place = [[Al-Abwa']], [[Tihamah]], Hejaz
| resting_place = Al-Abwa
| spouse = [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] {{small|({{abbr|m.|married}} 568–569)}}
| children = [[Muhammad]]
| father = [[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]]
| mother = [[Barrah bint Abd al-Uzza]]
| relatives = {{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=''Cousin'':|{{bulleted|[[Halah bint Wuhayb]]}}}}<br>{{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=''Daughter(s)-in-law'':|{{bulleted|[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]|[[Aisha bint Abu Bakr]]|[[Hafsa bint Umar]]|[[Umm Habiba bint Abu Sufyan]]|[[Wives of Muhammad|See more]]}}}}<br>{{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=''Granddaughter(s)'':|{{bulleted|[[Zainab bint Muhammad]]|[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad]]|[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad]]|[[Fatimah bint Muhammad]]}}}}<br>{{Collapsible list|state=collapsed|title=''Grandson(s)'':|{{bulleted|[[Qasim ibn Muhammad]]|[[Abdullah ibn Muhammad]]|[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad]]}}}}
| family = [[Banu Zuhrah]] (of [[Quraysh]])
| known_for = Mother of Muhammad<ref name="Al-A'zami 2003" />
}}
{{Other|Amina (disambiguation)}}

'''Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf al-Zuhriyya''' ({{lang-ar|آمِنَة بِنْت وَهْب|translit=ʾĀmina bint Wahb}}, {{circa|549–577}}) was the mother of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Al-A'zami 2003">{{cite book |last=Al-A'zami |first=Muhammad Mustafa |author-link=Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami |year=2003 |title=The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments |pages=22–24 |publisher=UK Islamic Academy |isbn=978-1-8725-3165-6}}</ref> She belonged to the [[Banu Zuhra]] tribe.

==Early life and marriage==
Aminah was born to [[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]] and [[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah bint 'Abd al-'Uzzā ibn 'Uthmān ibn 'Abd al-Dār]] in [[Mecca]]. Her tribe, Quraysh, descent from [[Islamic view of Abraham|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]), through his son [[Ishmael#Islamic view|Isma'il]] (Ishmael). Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusayy ibn Kilab]], who was an ancestor of [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], and was the first Qurayshi custodian of the [[Kaaba]]. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] proposed the marriage of Abdullah, his youngest son, to Aminah. Some sources state that Aminah's father accepted the match, while others say that it was Aminah's uncle Wuhaib, who was serving as her guardian.<ref>{{cite book |title=Life of the Prophet |author1=Muhammad Shibli Numani |author2=M. Tayyib Bakhsh Badāyūnī |pages=148–150 |year=1979 |publisher=Kazi Publications}}</ref><ref name="Hisham">{{cite book |title=Life of Muhammad |editor=Ibn Hisham |author=Ibn Ishaq |author-link=Ibn Ishaq |translator=[[Alfred Guillaume]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1955 |pages=68–79}}</ref> The two were married soon after.<ref name="Hisham" /> Abdullah spent much of Aminah's pregnancy away from home as part of a merchant caravan, and died of disease before the birth of his son in Madinah.<ref name="Hisham" /><ref>Ibn Sa'd/Haq pp. 107–108.</ref>

==Birth of Muhammad and later years==
{{See also|Mawlid|Muhammad in Mecca}}
[[File:Perpustakaan Makkah al-Mukarramah.jpg|thumb|left|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] ({{coord|21|25|30|N|39|49|48|E|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:SA|name=Bayt al-Mawlid / Makkah Al Mukarramah Library}}) is believed to stand on the spot where Aminah gave [[mawlid|birth]] to Muhammad, so it is also known as ''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]''.]]

Three months after Abdullah's death, in 570–571 CE, Muhammad was born. As was tradition among all the great families at the time, Aminah sent Muhammad to live with a milk mother in the [[Arabian Desert|desert]] as a baby. The belief was that in the desert, one would learn self-discipline, nobility, and freedom. During this time, Muhammad was nursed by [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb]], a poor [[Bedouin]] woman from the tribe of [[Banu Sa'ad]], a branch of the [[Hawazin|Hawāzin]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396226/Muhammad/251794/The-life-of-Muhammad#ref=ref894022 |title=Muhammad: Prophet of Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 September 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009}}</ref>

When Muhammad was six years old, he was reunited with Aminah, who took him to visit her relatives in Yathrib (later [[Medina]]). Upon their return to Mecca a month later, accompanied by her slave [[Umm Ayman (Barakah)|Umm Ayman]], Aminah fell ill. She died around the year 577 or 578,<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=[[Albany, New York]], the [[United States|U.S.A.]] |year=1994 |isbn=0-7914-1876-6}}</ref> and was buried in the village of [[Al-Abwa']]. Her grave was destroyed in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-6103414.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727080149/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-6103414.html |archive-date=2016-07-27 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca |author=Daniel Howden |work=The Independent |date=18 April 2006 |access-date=5 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ondrej Beranek |author2=Pavel Tupek |title=From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis |year=2009 |publisher=[[Brandeis University]] |location=[[Waltham, Massachusetts]], the U.S.A. |format=Crown Paper |issue=2 |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2009/august/crown-graves.html |oclc=457230835}}</ref> The young Muhammad was taken in first by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib in 577, and later by his paternal uncle [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]].<ref name="Hisham" />

==Fate in the afterlife==
[[File:ضريح السيدة آمنة عليها السلام-2.JPG|thumb|left|The alleged grave of Aminah bint Wahb in [[Al-Abwa']]. It was [[destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|destroyed]] in 1998.]]

Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite book |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2015 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/188 188]-189}}</ref> One transmission by [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Majah]] states that [[God in Islam|Allah]] ([[God]]) refused to forgive Aminah for her ''[[kafir|kufr]]'' (disbelief). Another transmission in [[List of Sunni books#Other Authentic Hadith collections|Musnad al-Bazzar]] states that Muhammad's parents was brought back to life and accepted Islam, then returned to the ''[[Barzakh]]''.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ProphetsParent/page/n3 |title=The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims |pages=11–28 |publisher=Suffah Foundation |author=Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri}}</ref>{{rp|11}} Some [[Ash'ari]] and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were ''[[Ahl al-fatrah]]'', or "People of the interval" between the prophetic messages of [[Jesus in Islam|'Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name="Katz">{{cite book |title=The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz|url-access=limited |last=Holmes Katz |first=Marion |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz/page/n134 126]-128 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-1359-8394-9}}</ref> The concept of ''Ahl al-fatrah'' is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]'' ([[Polytheism]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rida |first=Rashid |title=Tafsir al-Manar |chapter=2:62 |pages=278–281 |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105004004/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it, and disregard the ''a[[hadith]]'' (narrations) stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.<ref name="Brown" />

While a work attributed to [[Abu Hanifa]]h, an early [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, stated that both Aminah and Abdullah died upon their innate nature (''Mata 'ala al-fitrah''),<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/parents.htm |title=Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet’s Parents were Kafirs |author=Dr. `Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani |publisher=Masud}}</ref> some later authors of ''[[mawlid]]'' texts related a tradition in which Aminah and Abdullah were temporarily [[Resurrection in Islam|revived]] and embraced Islam. Scholars like [[Ibn Taymiyya]]h stated that this was a lie, though [[Al-Qurtubi]] stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology.<ref name=" Katz" /> According to [[Ali al-Qari]], the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|28}} According to [[Al-Suyuti]], [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi|Isma'il Haqqi]], and other Islamic scholars, all of the narrations indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|24}} [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Aminah included, were [[Tawhid|monotheists]], and therefore entitled to [[Jannah|Paradise]]. A Shia tradition states that [[Allah|God]] forbade the fires of [[Jahannam|Hell]] from touching either of Muhammad's parents.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |year=1975 |volume=5 |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad |pages=75–88}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adnan]]
** [[Adnanites|Adnanite]] [[Arabs]]
* [[Family tree of Muhammad]]
** [[Banu Hashim]]
* [[Halah bint Wahb]]
* [[Sahaba]]
* [[Wahb (name)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160529072708/http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/4AllForTheLoveOfAProphet.htm Victory News Magazine]
* [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/amina-bint-wahb-COM_0267?s.num=69&s.rows=100 Brill Encyclopedia Islamica]

{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Muhammad footer}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aminah Bint Wahb}}
[[Category:549 births]]
[[Category:577 deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:6th-century women]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Banu Zuhrah]]

Aminah - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 18:51, 28 September 2023