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{{short description|Indian politician (1889–1964)}}
{{About|Amrit Kaur, the Indian activist and politician|the Indian princess|Amrit Kaur of Mandi|the Canadian actress|Amrit Kaur (actress)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Amrit Kaur
| image = RajkumariAmritKaur1936.png
| alt = A South Asian woman of middle age, her head covered with a shawl
| caption = Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, from a 1936 issue of ''The Indian Listener''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|2|2|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|2|6|1887|2|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater =
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| organization = [[St John Ambulance]],<br />[[Tuberculosis in India#Tuberculosis Association of India|Tuberculosis Association]],<br />[[Indian Red Cross]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| term_start = 16 August 1947
| term_end = 16 April 1957
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = ''Post established''
| successor = D. P. Karmakar ''(as MoS)''
| parents = [[Harnam Singh]]<br>Priscilla Golaknath
}}
}}

[[Raja (title)|Rajkumari]] Bibiji '''Amrit Kaur''' [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|DStJ]] (''[[née]]'' '''Ahluwalia'''; 2 February 1887 – 6 February 1964) was an Indian activist and politician. Following her long-lasting association with the [[Indian independence movement]], she was appointed the first and the longest serving [[Ministry of Health (India)|Health Minister of India]] in 1947 and remained in office until 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-02-07 |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies; India's First Minister of Health; Gandhi's Secretary 17 Years, a Princess, Led Campaign to Eradicate Malaria |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies-indias-first-minister-of-health.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She also held the charge of Sports Minister and Urban Development Minister and was instrumental in setting up the [[National Institute of Sports|National Institute of Sports, Patiala.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-06 |title=Who was Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, named in TIME's magazine list of 100 influential women? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-amrit-kaur-time-magazine-power-women-100-list-6302654/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Alexander |title=INDIA'S GIRLS: FROM PURDAH TO THE PLAYING FIELDS |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1955/11/14/indias-girls-from-purdah-to-the-playing-fields |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Sports Illustrated Vault {{!}} SI.com |language=en-us}}</ref> During her tenure, Kaur ushered in several [[Healthcare in India|healthcare reforms in India]] and is widely remembered for her contributions to the sector and her advocacy of [[women's rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Sahima |date=2018-02-06 |title=Meet Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/02/07/amrit-kaur-indias-first-health-minister/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kaur was also a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], the body that framed the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/members/rajkumari-amrit-kaur/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the first Indian woman as a minister in central ministry.

==Life==

Amrit Kaur was born on 2 February 1887 in [[Lucknow|Badshah Bagh, Lucknow University Campus, Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (then North-Western Provinces), India. Kaur was born to [[Harnam Singh|Raja Sir Harnam Singh Ahluwalia]] the younger son of the Raja [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala]]. Harnam Singh left [[Kapurthala]] following a conflict over succession to the throne, becoming the manager of estates in the former princely state of [[Oudh State|Oudh]], Singh later married Chatterjee's daughter, Priscilla Golaknath (later Rani Priscilla Kaur Sahiba), and they had ten children, of which Amrit Kaur was the youngest, and their only daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studies |first=HP General |date=2020-05-03 |title=Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur |url=https://hpgeneralstudies.com/raj-kumari-amrit-kaur-%E0%A5%A5-first-health-minister-of-independent-india-%E0%A5%A5-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Himachal Pradesh General Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kaur was raised as a Christian, and had her early education in [[Sherborne School for Girls]] in Dorset, England, and had her college education at [[Oxford University]]. After completing her education in England, she returned to India in 1918.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1964-02-07|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies; India's First Minister of Health; Gandhi's Secretary 17 Years, a Princess, Led Campaign to Eradicate Malaria|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/archives/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies-indias-first-minister-of-health.html|access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Kaur died in New Delhi on 6 February 1964.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Verinder Grover|title=Great Women of Modern India|publisher=Deep & Deep|year=1993|isbn=9788171004591|volume=5: Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur}}</ref> Although she was, at the time of her death, a practicing Christian, she was cremated according to family customs and her funeral was presided over by the SGPC.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 1964|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 75, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/07/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-75-dies.html}}</ref> Kaur had never married, and had no children.<ref name=":3" />

Today, her private papers are part of the Archives at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], at [[Teen Murti House]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archives|url=http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203613/http://www.nehrumemorial.com/archivehead.php|archive-date=3 May 2011|publisher=[[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Career==

===Participation in India's independence movement===
[[File:Amrit_kaur_sahiba.jpg|thumb|c. 1933]]
After her return to India from England, Kaur became interested in the [[Indian independence movement]]. Her father had shared close association with [[Indian National Congress]] leaders including [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], who often visited them. Kaur was drawn to the thoughts and vision of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom she met in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) in 1919. Kaur worked as Gandhi's secretary for 16 years, and their correspondence was subsequently published as a volume of letters titled ''Letters to Rajkumari Amrit Kaur''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Roychowdhury|first=Adrija|date=2020-08-27|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: The princess who built AIIMS|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-the-princess-who-built-aiims-6570937/|access-date=2020-08-30|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Following the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] later that year, when the British forces shot and killed over 400 peaceful protestors in Amritsar, Punjab, Kaur became a strong critic of the British rule in India. She formally joined the Congress and began active participation in India's independence movement while also focusing on bringing about [[social reform]].<ref name="bhardwaj">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-the-princess-who-was-gandhis-secretary-indias-first-health-minister/186245/|website=[[ThePrint]]|last=Bhardwaj|first=Deeksha|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the princess who was Gandhi's secretary & India's first health minister|access-date= 18 October 2019|date=2 February 2019}}</ref> She was strongly opposed to the practice of [[purdah]] and to [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], and campaigned to abolish the [[devadasi]] system in India.<ref name=":3" />

Kaur co-founded the [[All India Women's Conference]] in 1927.<ref name="bhardwaj" /> She was later appointed its secretary in 1930, and president in 1933. She was imprisoned by the British authorities for her participation in the [[Dandi March]], led by Mahatama Gandhi in 1930. Kaur went to live at Gandhi's [[ashram]] in 1934 and adopted an austere lifestyle despite her aristocratic background.<ref name="bhardwaj" /><ref name=":3" />

As a representative of the Indian National Congress, in 1937 she went on a mission of goodwill to [[Bannu]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], colonial India (in the present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province of Pakistan). The British authorities charged her with sedition and imprisoned her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, an epitome of patriotism and sacrifice |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2017/08/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-epitome-of.html |access-date=2023-05-23}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi with Rajkumari Amrit Kaur at Simla in 1945.jpg|thumb|Rajkumari with Mahatma Gandhi, Shimla 1945]]

The British authorities appointed her as a member of the Advisory Board of Education, but she resigned from the position following her involvement with the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. She was imprisoned by the authorities for her actions during the time.<ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=151084|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Affairs|last=Srinivas|first=V|title=RajKumari Amrit Kaur|access-date= 18 October 2019|date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

She championed the cause of universal suffrage,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-24 |title=Amrit Kaur: The princess turned Gandhian who fought Nehru on women's political participation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/amrit-kaur-the-princess-turned-gandhian-who-fought-nehru-on-womens-political-participation-5037044/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and testified before the Lothian Committee on Indian franchise and constitutional reforms, and before the Joint Select Committee of British Parliament on Indian constitutional reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMINENT PARLIAMENTARIANS MONOGRAPH SERIES |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761593/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur_English.pdf}}</ref>

Kaur served as the Chairperson of the All India Women's Education Fund Association.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-07 |title=Meet Princess Amrit Kaur, India's First Health Minister Who Built AIIMS |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-princess-amrit-kaur-india-s-first-health-minister-who-built-aiims-341005.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> She was a member of the Executive Committee of [[Lady Irwin College]] in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister And Her Efforts For Reforming The Nation |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/app-lite/history/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-32123 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=thelogicalindian.com}}</ref> She was sent as a member of the Indian delegation to [[UNESCO]] conferences in London and Paris in 1945 and 1946, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Place of women in UNESCO: an Indian view |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000073882 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> She also served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the All India Spinners' Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Navratri with 9 Women Heros!! Lets Salute Amrit Kaur |url=https://www.bankersadda.com/celebrating-navratri-with-9-women-heros-lets-salute-amrit-kaur/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.bankersadda.com|date=31 March 2020 }}</ref>

Kaur worked to reduce illiteracy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sriprakash |first1=Arathi |last2=Sutoris |first2=Peter |last3=Myers |first3=Kevin |date=2019 |title=The science of childhood and the pedagogy of the state: Postcolonial development in India, 1950s |journal=Journal of Historical Sociology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=345–359 |doi=10.1111/johs.12246 |issn=0952-1909 |pmc=7198113 |pmid=32412520}}</ref> and eradicate the custom of [[child marriage]]s and the [[purdah]] system for women, which were then prevalent among some Indian communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Ratika |date=2021-11-24 |title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: India's First Health Minister And Her Efforts For Reforming The Nation |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/history/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-32123 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Logical Indian |language=en}}</ref>

===Representative of the Christian Indian community ===
Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur was a [[Punjabi Christian]] and was linked with several [[Christian mission]]ary organizations around the world.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> From 1947 to 1957, she served as the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health]] in India and as a result, she had close contact with the Prime Minister.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> [[Christianity in India|Indian Christians]] thus made issues relevant to their community known to Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur, who delivered their concerns to him.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] thus saw Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur as "a kind of representative of Christians in India".<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> For example, in 1955, Kaur informed Nehru about the intimidation of Christians in the United Provinces' city of [[Meerut]].<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009"/> Nehru then proceeded to forward two letters written by Kaur to the district magistrate there.<ref name="FrykenbergYoung2009">{{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |last2=Young |first2=Richard Fox |title=India and the Indianness of Christianity |date=2009 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6392-8 |page=225 |language=en}}</ref>

===AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences ) ===
On February 18, 1956, the then Minister of Health, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, introduced a new bill in the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People). In her speech, Kaur said:
{{blockquote|It has been one of my cherished dreams that for post graduate study and for the maintenance of high standards of medical education in our country, we should have an institute of this nature which would enable our young men and women to have their post graduate education in their own country.}}

The creation of a major central institute for post-graduate medical education and research had been earlier recommended by the Health survey of the government of India. By 1956, the AIIMS ([[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]]) was formed as an autonomous institution through an Act of Parliament.<ref name="Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith">{{cite book | title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112116676187 and Others: (1956:Feb.-Mar.) | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk1PAQAAMAAJ| page=259}}</ref>

===Member of the Constituent Assembly ===

[[File:Rajkumari Amrit Kaur receiving penicillin cases.jpg|thumb|Ninety-three cases of penicillin, a gift from the Canadian Red Cross to India arrived at New Delhi in a special plane from Canada on 17 October 1947. Presenting the gift to Amrit Kaur, the then Health Minister in the Government of India at the Palam aerodrome. [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], Director General of Health Services appears on the left and standing on the right is Sardar Balwant Singh Puri of the Indian Red Cross.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=2021-02-17 |title=India's Journey From Requesting Penicillin in 1947 to Making Vaccines for the World |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/249438/india-covid-19-vaccine-hub-covishield-serum-institute-narendra-modi-justin-trudeau-canada-partition-penicillin-malaria-history-div200/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>]]

Following India's independence from the colonial rule in August 1947, Kaur was elected from the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], the government body that was assigned to design the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/ CADIndia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161051/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/ |date=29 March 2019 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref> She was also a member of Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights and Sub-Committee on Minorities.<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/rajkumari_amrit_kaur Rajkumari Amrit Kaur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323063912/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/rajkumari_amrit_kaur |date=23 March 2019 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in (6 February 1964). Retrieved on 2018-12-07.</ref> As a member of the Constituent Assembly, she supported a proposal for a [[Uniform Civil Code]] in India.<ref name=":0" /> She also advocated for universal franchise, opposed affirmative action for women, and debated the language concerning the protection of religious rights.

=== Health Minister ===
After India's independence, Amrit Kaur became part of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s first [[Cabinet of India|Cabinet]]; she was the first woman to hold Cabinet rank, serving for ten years. In January 1949, she was appointed a [[Dame]] of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of Saint John]] (DStJ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Page 81 {{!}} Issue 38503, 4 January 1949 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38503/page/81 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> She was assigned the [[Ministry of Health (India)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name="bhardwaj" /> In 1950, she was elected the president of [[World Health Assembly]].<ref name=":0" /> As Health Minister, Kaur led a major campaign to fight the spread of [[malaria]] in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> She also led the campaign to eradicate tuberculosis and was the driving force behind the largest B.C.G vaccination programme in the world.<ref name=":3">Sambuy, L. M., & Portnowitz, T. (2023). ''[[In Search of Amrit Kaur]]: A lost princess and her vanished world''. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</ref> In 1956, Kaur was awarded with an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the [[Princeton University]].<ref name="P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press 1956 p. ">{{cite book | title=Civic Affairs | publisher=P.C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press | issue=v. 3 | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfsmAQAAIAAJ| page=65}}</ref>

Kaur believed that the only proper method of birth control was continence, and promoted the [[Calendar-based contraceptive methods|rhythm method]] of birth control in India.<ref name="time1955">{{cite magazine |title=INDIA: Baby Days Are Black |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,891127,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=4 August 2023 |date=17 January 1955}}</ref> Government money was not spent on [[Birth control|contraceptives]], and instead women were given beads to keep track of "safe" days (green) and "baby" days (black).<ref name="time1955"/> Some women refused to use the beads, believing that only cows should wear that kind of bead, while others were embarrassed or believed that the beads would guarantee against conception.<ref name="time1955"/>

Kaur was also instrumental in founding the Indian Council of Child Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aboutus|url=http://www.iccw.co.in/dared_dream.html|access-date=2020-08-30|website=www.iccw.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Kaur served as the Chairperson of the [[Indian Red Cross]] society for fourteen years. During her leadership, the Indian Red Cross did a number of pioneering works in the hinterlands of India. She served on the boards of governmental bodies aimed at fighting tuberculosis and leprosy.<ref name=":0" /> She started the Amrit Kaur College of Nursing and the [[National Sports Club of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur played a key role in the development of College of Nursing, New Delhi (established in 1946), Government of India renamed the college as [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing]] in her honor.<ref name=":3" />

From 1957 until her death in 1964, she remained a member of [[Rajya Sabha]]. Between 1958 and 1963 Kaur was the president of the All-India Motor Transport Congress in Delhi. Until her death, she continued to hold the presidencies of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Tuberculosis Association of India, and the St. John's Ambulance Corps. She also was awarded the Rene Sand Memorial Award,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |title=Genealogy |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808230543/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kapurthala.html |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was named TIME Magazine's Woman of the Year in 1947.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Posthumous tribute ===
In 2019, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Kaur for 1947.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/ |title=100 Women of the Year |magazine=Time |date=March 5, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223082517/https://time.com/100-women-of-the-year/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==

*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C0gaAAAACAAJ India's 50 Most Illustrious Women]'' ({{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}}) by Indra Gupta
*{{Cite book |last=Sambuy |first=Livia Manera |title=In Search of Amrit Kaur: A Lost Princess and Her Vanished World |date=Mar 14, 2023 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9780374715724 |translator-last=Portnowitz |translator-first=Todd}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000318/windows/fact.htm "Rajkumari Amrit Kaur"] by Illa Vij, and short extract from Kaur's ''Gandhij and Women'', ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Chandigarh

{{First Nehru ministry}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Rajkumari Amrit}}
[[Category:First Nehru ministry]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Indian Protestants]]
[[Category:Kapurthala State]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne Girls]]
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Women in war 1900–1945]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Dames of the Order of St John]]

Amrit Kaur - Revision history

Olphindro Malang at 03:08, 24 February 2026