>Greyjoy at 05:50, 15 March 2021

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Amuktamalyada ఆముక్తమాల్యద
| author = [[Krishnadevaraya]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| country = India
| genre = [[Epic poetry]]
| publisher =
| isbn =
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Amuktamalyada by Krishnadevaraya.jpg
| image_size = 160px
| caption = Title page of 1907 Edition
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| pub_date = 1509–1530
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| oclc =
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| congress =
}}
[[File:Vijayanagara.jpg|thumb|160px|Krishnadevaraya]]
[[File:The Saint Andal LACMA M.86.94.2.jpg|thumb|160px|Saint Andal (14th Century, [[Madurai]]), at the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]]]
'''Amuktamalyada''' ({{lang-te|ఆముక్తమాల్యద}}) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] epic poem composed by [[Krishnadevaraya]], the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Emperor in the early 16th century. Amuktamalyada translates to ''One who offered the garland after wearing it themselves ''. Considered as a masterpiece, Amuktamalyada describes the story of wedding of the [[Hindu]] Lord Ranganayaka an avatar of [[Vishnu]] and Goda Devi aka [[Andal]] the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Alvars|Alvar]] poet and daughter of [[Periyalvar]], at [[Srirangam]].<ref name="Andal-Telugu">{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Pappu Venugopala|title=A masterpiece in Telugu literature|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/a-masterpiece-in-telugu-literature/article478881.ece|accessdate=9 June 2016|issue=Chennai|work=The Hindu|date=22 June 2010}}</ref>

==Krishnadevaraya==
{{main|Krishnadevaraya}}
Krishnadevaraya was the king of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] reigning between 1509–1530.<ref name="SSen">{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History|date=15 March 2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9380607344|pages=288}}</ref> He was the third ruler of the [[Tuluva Dynasty]], and presided over the Vijayanagara empire at its zenith. Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles of ''Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana'' (''lit'', "Lord of the Kannada empire"), ''Andhra Bhoja'' and ''Mooru Rayara Ganda'' (''lit'', "King of three Kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultans of Bijapur]], [[Golkonda|Golconda]], the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].<ref name="BRay">{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Bharati|title=Different Types of History|date=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-8131718186|pages=424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref>

Krishnadevaraya during his reign patronised many [[Kannada]], Telugu and [[Sanskrit]] poets. His court had 8 Telugu poets (Astadiggajalu) - [[Allasani Peddana]], [[Nandi Thimmana]], [[Madayyagari Mallana]], [[Dhurjati]], [[Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu|Ayyala-raju Rama-Bhadrudu]], [[Pingali Surana]], [[Ramarajabhushanudu|Ramaraja Bhushanudu]] and [[Tenali Ramakrishnudu|Tenali Rama Krishna]]. The Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote ''Bhava-chinta-ratna'' and ''Satyendra Chola-kathe'' and Chatu Vittal-anatha who wrote ''Bhagavata'' also enjoyed his patronage. The Tamil poet [[Haridasa]] and Tamil literature were patronised by Krishnadevaraya. The Sanskrit poet [[Vyasatirtha]] who wrote ''Bhedo-jjivana'', ''Tat-parya-chandrika'', ''Nyaya-mrita'' (a work directed against Advaita philosophy) and ''Tarka-tandava'' enjoyed his patronage. Krishnadevaraya was himself an accomplished Sanskrit scholar and wrote ''Madalasa Charita'', ''Satyavadu Parinaya'' and ''Rasamanjari'' and ''Jambavati Kalyana''<ref name="SUKamath">{{cite book|last1=Kamath|first1=Suryanath U|title=A concise history of Karnataka: From pre-historic times to the present|date=1980|publisher=Archana Prakashana|pages=324}}</ref><ref name="KANSastri">{{cite book|last1=Sastri|first1=K A Nilakanta|title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar|date=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Madras|pages=331–354|url=http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/upload/quantgeek/%5BOxford%20University%20Press,%20Sastri%5D%20A%20History%20of%20South%20India%20from%20Prehistoric%20Times%20to%20the%20Fall%20of%20Vijayanagar,%202nd%20Ed.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814065310/http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/upload/quantgeek/%5BOxford%20University%20Press,%20Sastri%5D%20A%20History%20of%20South%20India%20from%20Prehistoric%20Times%20to%20the%20Fall%20of%20Vijayanagar,%202nd%20Ed.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Andal==
{{main|Andal}}
Andal is the only female among the 12 [[Vaishnava]] Tamil saints - the [[Alvars]]. According to tradition, Andal was born in [[Srivilliputtur]]. She was found as an infant, abandoned under a [[basil]] ([[Tulasi]] - [[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]) tree, by Vishnucitta (or [[Periyalvar]]) who himself was an Alvar poet. It is said that Periyalvar recocognised the child as Bhudevi, the consort of [[Vishnu]] (p. 36).<ref name="Jones&Ryan">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|last2=Ryan|first2=James D|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816075645|pages=593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&q=andal+tamil&pg=PA36|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="VRamaswamy">{{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=22 May 2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864450|pages=448|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=andal&pg=PA154|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> Active in the 7th-century,<ref name=bryant188>{{cite book|last= Bryant|first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA188|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803400-1|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|title=Medieval Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMcIu7kL42MC&pg=PA116|year=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-062-2|page=116}}</ref><ref name="Chari1997">{{cite book|author=S. M. Srinivasa Chari|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&pg=PA10|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1342-7|pages=11–12}}</ref><ref name="BaileyKesarcodi-Watson1992">{{cite book|author1=Greg Bailey|author2=Ian Kesarcodi-Watson|title=Bhakti Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blkqAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-0835-8}}</ref> Andal is credited with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works, [[Thiruppavai]] and [[Nachiar Tirumozhi]], which are still recited by devotees during the winter festival season of [[Margazhi#The Months of a Tamil Calendar|Margazhi]]. Andal is known for her unwavering devotion to Lord [[Vishnu]], the God of the Srivaishnavas. The [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple|Srivilliputhur Temple]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] is dedicated to her, marking her birthplace.<ref name="VSSKumararacharya">{{cite book|last1=Kumararacharya|first1=V S Sampath|title=Musings on Saint Andal's Tiruppavai (A garland of Thirty Multifaceted Mystic Verses)|publisher=D V K Murthy|location=Krishnamurthipuram, Mysore|url=http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=1929|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref>

Some of Andal's verses express love for Lord Vishnu, written with bold sensuality and startlingly savage longing, hunger and inquiry, that even today many of her most erotic poems are rarely rendered publicly.<ref name=Dalrymple>{{cite news|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|title=In search of Tamil Nadu's poet-preachers|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a01a138c-20b2-11e5-ab0f-6bb9974f25d0.html#slide0|accessdate=13 July 2015|agency=The Financial Times Limited|issue=London|publisher=Financial Times|date=10 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Chakravarty>{{cite journal|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Uma|title=The World of the Bhaktin in South Indian Traditions - The Body and Beyond|journal=Manushi|date=1989|volume=50-51-52|page=25|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/pdf_files-50-51-52/the_world_of_the_bhaktin_in_south_indian.pdf|accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rajarajan">{{cite journal|last1=Rajarajan|first1=R K K|title=Art and Literature: Inseparable Links|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society|date=2015|volume=106|issue=4|pages=53–61|url=https://www.academia.edu/27086646|accessdate=28 April 2017}}</ref>

==Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada==
It is believed that Krishnadevaraya wrote the work, after getting a dream in the portico of the Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu temple, in the Srikakulam Village (today's [[Krishna District]]) on the banks of river Krishna, in which Lord [[Andhra Maha Vishnu]] appeared and instructed him to write the story of his wedding to Andal at [[Srirangam]] in Telugu.
In his dream, on being asked why Telugu was chosen, Lord Vishnu is said to have replied
{{cquote|తెలుఁగ దేల యెన్న దేశంబు దెలుఁగేను తెలుఁగు వల్లభుండఁ తెలుఁగొకండ యెల్ల నృపులు గొలువ నెరుఁగవే బాసాడి దేశభాషలందుఁ తెలుఁగు లెస్స|||శ్రీ ఆంధ్ర విష్ణు}}
{{cquote|Teluga dēla yenna dēśambu delugēnu telugu vallabhuṇḍa telugokaṇḍa yella nr̥pulu goluva nerugavē bāsāḍi dēśabhāṣalandu telugu les'sa|||Śrī Viṣhṇu's reason on why Āmuktamālyada should be written in telugu by Sri Krishnadevaraya}}
Which translates to: "If you ask, 'Why Telugu?' It is because this is Telugu country and I am a Telugu king. Telugu is sweet. After speaking with all the kings that serve you, didn’t you realize - amongst all the languages in the country, Telugu is the best!"

Amuktamalyada describes pain of separation (viraha) experienced by Andal, who is described as the incarnate of [[Lakshmi]] the consort of [[Vishnu]]. Further the poem describes Andal's beauty in 30 verses written in the keśādi-pādam style, starting from her hair, going down her body till her feet.<ref name="Penguin-Telugu">{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|editor1-last=Reddy|editor1-first=Srinivas|title=Giver of the Worn Garland: Krishnadevaraya's Amuktamalyada|date=2010|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-8184753059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0eTDF3uLVgC&q=Giver+of+the+Worn+Garland%3A+Krishnadevaraya%27s+Amuktamalyada&pg=PT1|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Krishnadevaraya-Andal">{{cite book|last1=Krishnadevaraya|title=Amuktamalyada|date=1907|publisher=Telugu Collection for the British Library|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/amuktamalyada00krissher|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="PremaN">{{cite web|last1=Nandakumar|first1=Prema|title=Verses from Amukta Malyada Translated|url=http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2009&issid=26&id=1603|website=Muse India|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808160331/http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2009&issid=26&id=1603|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> This book has been translated into Marathi and Hindi by Vyankatesh Devanpalli.<ref name="Devanpalli">{{cite book|last1=Devanpalli|first1=Vyankatesh|title=Amuktamalyada Srikrishnadevaraya|date=2018|publisher=Educreation Publishing|location=New Delhi|isbn=9781545711835}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Vyankatesh_Devanpalli_Aamuktamalyada_Srikrishnadev?id=gR9FDwAAQBAJ

[[Category:Art and culture of Vijayanagar Empire]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian literature]]
[[Category:Alvars]]

Amuktamalyada - Revision history

>Greyjoy at 05:50, 15 March 2021