>Lancepark at 22:20, 28 September 2021

2021-09-28T22:20:24Z

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{{short description|Asian language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Anāl
| states = [[India]] and [[Burma]]
| region = Southeast [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Anāl Naga]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|123300|2}}
| date = 2011 census
| ref = e18
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = ([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
| fam3 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
| fam4 = [[Southern Naga languages|Southern Naga]]
| dia1 = Langet?
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
| iso3 = anm
| glotto = anal1239
| glottorefname = Anal
| linglist = qfs
| lingname = Langet
}}

'''Anāl''', also known as '''Pakan Naga''' after the two principal villages it is spoken in, is a Southern [[Naga languages|Naga language]], part of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family, spoken by the [[Anāl Naga]] in [[India]] and a dwindling number in [[Burma]]. It had 83,000 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 55000 in Burma in 2010.<ref name=e18/> It has two principal clans, murchal and Moshum, and is closest to [[Lamkang language|Lamkang]]. The language of wider communication is [[Meithei language|Meithei]].
Anal is written in the [[Latin script]],<ref name=B120>{{harvnb|Bareh|2007|p=120}}</ref> with a literacy rate of about 87%.<ref name=e18/>

==History==
The Namfau (Anal Naga) language started to be written down in the 19-20th century.

==Geographical distribution==
Anal is spoken in [[Chandel district]], southeastern [[Manipur]], on the banks of the Chakpi River in Chandel, Chakpikarong, and Tangnoupal subdivisions (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

==Alphabet==
The Latin alphabet is used. It consists of 26 letters.

==Vocabulary==
The following vocabulary exemplifies words in the language.<ref>{{harvnb|Bareh|2007|pp=119–128}}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
!Anal||gloss||Anal||gloss
|-
|khol || 'deep hole'; 'social division' || ahno ||'kind of short skirt'
|-
|lunguin || 'kind of long shawl' || zupar || 'rice beer'
|-
|piruili || '[[elopement]]' || Jol min || '[[bride price]]'
|-
|ithin || 'divorce' || sinnuperu || 'adultery'
|-
|pakum || 'hearth' || mote || 'first-born'
|-
|kopu || 'second-born' || cakhow || 'brown rice'
|-
|khon || 'fifty rupees' || thunlon || 'grave'
|-
|dao || 'kind of iron blade' || shingkho || 'plate'
|-
|vopum|| 'basket' || athiru || 'kind of bead necklace'
|-
|akarfo || 'kind of China necklace' || sanamba || 'kind of fiddle'
|-
|tilli || 'kind of flageolet' || tuklee || 'kind of loom'
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ELAR collection: [https://elar.soas.ac.uk/Collection/MPI1035093 A community-driven documentation of natural discourse in Anal, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language] deposited by Pavel Ozerov

==Bibliography==
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bareh |first=Hamlet|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&q=%22anal+language%22+india&pg=PA120|access-date=12 July 2011|year=2007 |publisher=Mittai |volume=III |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-790-0}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&q=%22anal+language%22+india&pg=PA1515 |access-date=12 July 2011|year=2007 |publisher=Atlantic |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-269-0708-3}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Burma}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Kukish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Hmar]]
[[Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Anal language - Revision history

>Lancepark at 22:20, 28 September 2021