Vijaykumar96 at 08:37, 1 May 2026

2026-05-01T08:37:16Z

New page

{{Short description|One of the first female Indian doctor.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anandibai Gopal Joshi
| image = Anandibai joshi.jpg
| caption = A portrait photo of Anandibai Joshi
| birth_name = Yamuna Joshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|3|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyan]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1887|2|26|1865|3|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| resting_place = [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]], United States
| alma_mater = [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]]
| spouse = Gopalrao Joshi
| relatives = [[Pandita Ramabai]] (cousin)
| signature = Signature of Anandibai Joshee.jpg
}}
'''Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{Lang|mr|आनंदीबाई गोपाळराव जोशी}}; 31 March 1865 – 26 February 1887) was the first Indian female doctor of [[western medicine]] along with [[Kadambini Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-31 |title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi to whom Google dedicated a Doodle? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-to-whom-google-dedicates-a-doodle-1201625-2018-03-31 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=The forgotten legacy of Kadambini Ganguly, India's first woman doctor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-forgotten-legacy-of-kadambini-ganguly-indias-first-woman-doctor-9458675/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Anandibai travelled to New York from Kolkata ([[Calcutta]]) by ship, [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]]d by two female English missionary acquaintances of the Thorborns.<ref name=":5" /> The [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson]] the Viceroy of India had funded her education.<ref name="f473"/> She was the first woman from the erstwhile [[Bombay presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] to study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkatraman|first1=Vijaysree|title=This woman in 1883 had the best answer to the question of why a girl would want to be a doctor|url=https://qz.com/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|publisher=[[Qz.com]]|date=27 July 2014}}</ref> She was also referred to as ''Anandibai Joshi'' and ''Anandi Gopal Joshi'' (where ''Gopal'' came from ''Gopalrao'', her husband's first name).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suneetha |first=A |title=Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi. |journal=One Day National Level Seminar}}</ref>

==Early life==
Anandi Baii Joshi's birth name was Yamuna and she was born in [[Kalyan]], on 31 March 1865, the fifth of nine children.<ref name=Bhar2024>{{cite journal |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Hareesha Rishab |last2=Dalal |first2=Priyal |last3=Tan |first3=Joecelyn Kirani |last4=Agarwal |first4=Trishtha |last5=Javed |first5=Mahnoor |title=Journey across the world to study medicine: The Anandi Joshi story |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=1 November 2024 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=372–379 |doi=10.1177/09677720231190887 |pmid=37549937 |language=en |issn=0967-7720|pmc=11566070 }}</ref><ref name=Rao2021>{{cite book |title=Lady Doctors: The Untold Stories of India's First Women in Medicine|last=Rao|first=Kavitha |date=2021 |publisher=Westland Publications Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90679-05-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GHRzgEACAAJ |language=en|chapter=The good wife|pages=27–60}}</ref> She was raised in a Marathi [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmin]] family<ref>Kosambi, M., Ramaswamy, R., Kolhatkar, M. and Mukherji, A., 2019. A Fragmented Feminism: The Life and Letters of Anandi bai Joshi. Routledge India.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kosambi |first1=M |last2=Thorner |first2=Alice |last3=Krishna Raj |first3=Maithreyi |title=Ideals, Images, and Real Lives: Women in Literature and History |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Hyderabad India |isbn=81-250-0843-8 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO-ztHz3XTUC&dq=chitpavan+anandibai&pg=PA104}}</ref> {{Page number|date=February 2024}} Keeping with the traditions of the time and under the pressure from her mother, she was married at the age of nine to Gopalrao Joshi, who was a widower and twenty years older than her.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-5117944/|title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi?|date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> After marriage, Yamuna's husband renamed her 'Anandi'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anandibai Joshi|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/booka.aspx?author=16|website=Streeshakti The Parallel Force|publisher=Streeshakti|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Gopalrao Joshi worked as a postal clerk in [[Kalyan]]. Later, he was transferred to [[Alibag]], and then, finally, to [[Kolhapur]]. He was a progressive thinker, and, unusually for that time, supported education for women. Anandibai was also a cousin of [[Pandita Ramabai]] (1858-1922), an Indian social reformer, educator, and advocate for women's rights.<ref name=":0llllll">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/08/19th-century-women-medical-school_n_5093603.html|title=Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norma A Century Ago|last=Rao|first=Mallika|date=8 April 2014|work=Huffington Post|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

At the age of fourteen, Anandibai gave birth to a boy, but the child lived only for a total of ten days due to lack of medical care. This proved to be a turning point in Anandi's life and inspired her to become a physician.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2017/March/Women-Physicians/|title=Remembering the Pioneering Women From One of Drexel's Legacy Medical Colleges|last=Falcone|first=Alissa|date=27 March 2017|work=DrexelNow|access-date=13 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> After Gopalrao tried to enroll her in missionary schools but failed, they moved to Calcutta. There she was able to learn how to read and speak [[Sanskrit]] and English.

==Academic life==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2020}}
Her husband encouraged her to study medicine despite societal opposition. In 1880, he wrote a letter to Royal Wilder, a well-known American missionary, expressing his wife's interest in studying medicine and inquiring about opportunities in the United States<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naskar|first1=Dipankar|title=Some Women of Inspiration: A Glance on Women Empowerment & Development in India|journal=Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=5|page=51}}</ref> Wilder published the correspondence in his ''Princeton's Missionary Review''. Theodicia Carpenter, a resident of [[Roselle, New Jersey]], happened to read it while waiting to see her dentist. Impressed by both Anandibai's desire to study medicine, and Gopalrao's support for his wife, she wrote to Anandibai. Carpenter and Anandibai developed a close friendship and came to refer to each other as "aunt" and "niece." Later, Carpenter would host Anandibai in Rochelle during Joshi's stay in the U.S.<ref name=":4">Pripas-Kapit, Sarah. ''Educating Women Physicians of the World: International Students of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1883-1911'' (PhD). University of California, Los Angeles.</ref><ref name=":2" />

Before leaving for America, Anandibai addressed the community at [[Serampore College]] Hall in 1883, explaining her decision to go to America and to pursue a medical degree.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/google-doodle-google-celebrates-anandi-gopalrao-joshis-153rd-birthday-with-a-doodle-1830939|title=Anandi Gopal Joshi: Google Doodle Celebrates India's First Female Doctor's 153rd Birthday|work=NDTV.com|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> She discussed the persecution she and her husband had endured. She stressed the need for female doctors in India. She argued that Hindu women, constrained by cultural norms, would feel more comfortable receiving medical care from female doctors rather than male physicians.<ref name=":4" />

== Married life ==

In the 1800s, it was very unusual for husbands to focus on their wives' education. Gopalrao was obsessed with the idea of Anandibai's education and wanted her to learn medicine and create her own identity in the world. But this obsession turned out to be abusive. One day, he came into the kitchen and found her cooking with her grandmother and proceeded to go into a raging fit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Vikram |date=2018-05-26 |title=The trailblazing Dr Anandibai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-trailblazing-dr-anandibai/article24000657.ece |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was very uncommon for husbands to beat their wives for cooking instead of reading. As Gopalrao's obsession with Joshi's education grew, he sent her with Mrs Carpenter, a Philadelphian missionary, to America to study medicine. Before her voyage, she addressed a public hall in 1883. She addressed the lack of women doctors and said "I volunteer myself as one."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/240793/this-woman-in-1883-had-the-best-answer-to-the-question-of-why-a-girl-would-want-to-be-a-doctor/|title=This woman in 1883 had the best answer to the question of why a girl would want to be a doctor|date=28 July 2014 }}</ref>

==In the United States==
[[File:Anandibai Joshee, Kei Okami, and Tabat M. Islambooly.jpg|thumb|Anandibai Joshee graduated from Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP) in 1886. Seen here with [[Kei Okami]] (center) and [[Sabat Islambouli|Sabat Islambooly]] (right). All three completed their medical studies and each of them was among the first women from their respective countries to obtain a degree in Western medicine.]]
Anandibai travelled to New York from Kolkata ([[Calcutta]]) by ship, [[Chaperone (social)|chaperone]]d by two female English missionary acquaintances of the Thorborns.<ref name=":5" /> They helped her arrange her travel and ensured she would have appropriate chaperones with her for the journey. The [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Viceroy of India]] had contributed a total of 200 rupees to fund her education.<ref name="f473">{{cite book | last=Dall | first=C.W.H. | title=The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee: A Kinswoman of the Pundita Ramabai | publisher=Roberts Brothers | year=1888 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7ZYWlcuhw4C | access-date=2025-03-16 | page=113}}</ref> In New York, Theodicia Carpenter, her American host, received her in June 1883. Anandibai wrote to the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] in [[Philadelphia]], asking to be admitted to their medical program,<ref name=":5">[http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001340&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 Scan of letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929104800/http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001340&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 |date=29 September 2018 }} from Anandibai Joshi to Alfred Jones, 28 June 1883; [http://archives.drexelmed.edu DUCOM Archives]</ref> which was the second women's medical program in the world. [[Rachel Bodley]], the dean of the college, enrolled her.

Anandibai began her medical training at age 19, making her one of the first Indian women to formally train in Western medicine. Recent scholarship have studied the letters she wrote to India while studying in America. In her letters, she struggled with embracing the Western education versus maintaining her Hindu identity. Joshi remained committed to her Hindu traditions and values, choosing not to fully adopt Western customs despite societal pressure. <ref name=":6" />

In America, her health worsened because of the cold weather and unfamiliar diet. She contracted [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" /> Nevertheless, she graduated with her medical degree on 11 March 1886 at twenty-one years old. [[Pandita Ramabai]] also came as a guest of honor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |date=1996 |title=Anandibai Joshee: Retrieving a Fragmented Feminist Image |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404856 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=49 |pages=3189–3197 |jstor=4404856 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The topic of her thesis was "Obstetrics among the Aryan Hindus." The thesis incorporated references from classic Ayurvedic texts and American medical textbooks, showing her effort to bridge Indian and Western medical knowledge.<ref name=":4" /> Her achievement caught international attention, and even [[Queen Victoria]] sent Anandibai a congratulatory message on her graduation.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/google-doodle-celebrates-anandi-gopal-joshi-indias-first-woman-physician/article23398091.ece|title=Google Doodle celebrates Anandi Gopal Joshi, India's first woman physician|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Return to India==
On November 16, 1886, Anandibai returned to India and was welcomed with great admiration and celebration for her achievements.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/why-a-crater-on-venus-is-named-after-indias-dr-anandi-gopal-joshi|title=Why is a Crater on Venus Named After India's Dr Anandibai Joshi?|work=The Quint|access-date=1 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> Her return was seen as a moment of national pride, especially for advocates of women's education and healthcare reform, Soon after, she was appointed as the physician-in-charge the female ward of the local [[R.C.S.M. Govt Medical College and CPR Hospital, Kolhapur|Albert Edward Hospital]].<ref name=":3"/>

== Death ==
Before she had the opportunity to begin her medical practice, Anandibai's health continued to deteriorate due to [[tuberculosis]], which she contracted while in the United States. Anandibai died on 26 February 1887 in [[Pune]], just weeks before turning 22. Years preceding her death, she was fatigued and felt constant weaknesses. Medicine was sent to her from America but there were no results so she kept studying medicine until her final days. Her death was mourned throughout [[India]]. Her ashes were sent to Theodicia Carpenter, who placed them in her family cemetery at the [[Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery]] in [[Poughkeepsie (town), New York|Poughkeepsie, New York]]. The inscription states that Anandi Joshi was a Hindu Brahmin girl, the first Brahmin woman to receive education abroad and to obtain a medical degree.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
In 1888, American feminist writer [[Caroline Healey Dall|Caroline Wells Healey Dall]] wrote Joshi's biography.<ref>[http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001128&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 ''The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee: A Kinswoman of the Pundita Ramabai''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929105959/http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001128&search_param=name&search_by=Joshi,%20Anandi%20Gopal,%201865-1887 |date=29 September 2018 }}, published by [[Roberts Brothers (publishers)|Roberts Brothers]], Boston</ref> Dall was acquainted with Joshi and admired her greatly. However, certain points in the biography, particularly its harsh treatment of Gopalrao Joshi, sparked controversy among Joshi's friends.<ref name=":4" />

[[Doordarshan]], an Indian public service broadcaster aired a [[Hindi]] series based on her life, called "Anandi Gopal," directed by Kamlakar Sarang. [[Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi]] wrote a fictionalized account of her life in his [[Marathi language|Marathi]] novel ''Anandi Gopal'', which was adapted into a play by [[Ram G. Joglekar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/who-is-anandi-gopal-joshi-to-whom-google-dedicates-a-doodle-1201625-2018-03-31|title=Who is Anandi Gopal Joshi to whom Google dedicated a Doodle?|website=India Today|date=31 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Dr. Anjali Kirtane has extensively researched the life of Dr. Anandibai Joshi and has written a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] book entitled "डॉ. आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृत्व" ("Dr. Anandibai Joshi: her times and accomplishments") which contains rare photographs of Dr. Anandibai Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.majesticprakashan.com/node/294 |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085827/http://www.majesticprakashan.com/node/294 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences]] (IRDS), a non-governmental organization from Lucknow, has been awarding the Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine in honour of her early contributions to the cause of advancing medical science in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html |title=IRDS Awards 2011 |publisher=Irdsindia.com |access-date=29 October 2013 |quote=Anandibai Joshi was one of the first Indian women to have obtained a degree in modern medicine when despite great hardships and poor health she got the MD from University of Pennsylvania in the USA in the end of 19th Century. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105141151/http://irdsindia.com/irdsawards2011.html |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> In addition, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] has established a fellowship in her name for young women working on [[women's health in India|women's health]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/anandi-joshi-indias-first-female-doctor-to-get-a-degree-in-western-medicine-5118016/|title=How Anandi Joshi obtained a degree in Western medicine from Pennsylvania college|date=31 March 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 31 March 2018, Google honored her with a [[Google Doodle]] to mark her 153rd birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/anandi-gopal-joshis-153rd-birthday/|title=Anandi Gopal Joshi's 153rd Birthday|website=www.google.com|language=en|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=जानिए कौन हैं आनंदी गोपाल जोशी और गूगल ने क्यों उनके जन्मदिन पर बनाया डूडल|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/anandi-joshi-became-indias-first-lady-doctor-google-doodle/|date=31 March 2018|location=Lokmat|language=hi}}</ref>

''[[Anandi Gopal]]'', an Indian biographical film on her life in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by Sameer Vidwans released in 2019. It stars Bhagyashree Milind in the titular role, [[Lalit Prabhakar]] as her husband - Gopalrao Joshi and Yogesh Soman as her father - Ganpatrao Amriteshwar Joshi.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=2 February 2019|number=1091574688600358912|title=Story of a husband who fought against all odds to make his wife a doctor... Trailer of #Marathi film #AnandiGopal [with English subtitles]... Directed by Sameer Vidwans... 15 Feb 2019 release... #AnandiGopalTrailer}}</ref> In 2017, a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language play titled ''Dr. Anandibai Joshi'', directed by [[Manoj Shah]], premiered at the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]].<ref name="Phukan 2018">{{cite news|last=Phukan|first=Vikram|title=The trailblazing Dr Anandibai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/the-trailblazing-dr-anandibai/article24000657.ece |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pawar 2017">{{cite news|last=Pawar|first=Yogesh|title=A play to celebrate life and times of one of the first female doctors of India, Dr Anandibai Joshi|newspaper=DNA India|date=27 November 2017|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-A-play-to-celebrate-life-and-times-of-one-of-the-first-female-doctors-of-India-Dr-Anandibai-Joshi-2562841|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

Recent scholarship highlights Joshi as an early feminist thinker who challenged the oppression of women and advocated for their education and healthcare. Historian Meera Kosambi describes her writings as evidence of an emerging, though fragmented, feminist consciousness in a time when women's voices were often marginalized.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kosambi |first=Meera |date=1996 |title=Anandibai Joshee: Retrieving a Fragmented Feminist Image |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404856 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=49 |pages=3189–3197 |jstor=4404856 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}
{{portal|Biography|India}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=The Life of Dr. Anandabai Joshee |author=Mrs. Caroline Healey Dall |publisher=Roberts Brothers, Boston |year= 1888|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifeofdrananabai00dalliala#page/n7/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book|title=The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332|url-access=registration|editor=O'Neill, Lois Decker|publisher=Anchor Press|date=1979|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332/page/204 204]|author=Eron, Carol|chapter=Medicine and Health Care|isbn=0385127332|quote=First Hindu Woman Doctor}}
* Kosambi, Meera, "[http://www.muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v004/4.1kosambi.html Caste and Outcast (review)]". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History – Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 2003, The Johns Hopkins University Press
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007142137/http://www.kiet.edu/horizon/insirations.htm Anandibai Joshi: India’s first woman doctor (1865–1887)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101040423/http://www.tasveer.org/events/series.php?seriesid=700851175 Between the Lines], an 18-minute English documentary on the life of Anandi Joshi
* [[Madhukar Vasudev Dhond]], "Jalyatil Chandra" (Marathi) (Rajhans Prakashan, 11993)
* Documents at the Drexel University College of Medicine Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and referencing Anandi Gopal Joshi

== Further reading ==

* Vatsal, Radha. ''No. 10 Doyers Street'' (2025). Work of fiction.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Anandibai Gopalrao Joshee}}
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/anandibai-joshee Anandibai Joshee materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*A Marathi movie on Anandi Gopal https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8621438/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Anandi}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Drexel University alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from British India]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in India]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]

Anandi Gopal Joshi - Revision history

Vijaykumar96 at 08:37, 1 May 2026