>Orenburg1 at 17:08, 4 October 2021

2021-10-04T17:08:31Z

New page

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image = N sagittifera2.jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Naja
| species = sagittifera
| authority = [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1913
| range_map = Andaman_nicobar_76.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Andaman cobra
}}

The '''Andaman cobra''' or '''Andaman spitting cobra''' (''Naja sagittifera'') is a species of [[Naja|cobra]] [[endemic]] to the [[Andaman Islands]] of [[India]]. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. It is venomous and also has the ability to spit its venom, although not as fairly well as other Asian spitting cobras.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naja sagittifera|url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Naja&species=sagittifera|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Reptile Database}}</ref><ref name="ctox">{{cite web |title=Naja sagittifera |url=http://www.toxinology.com/fusebox.cfm?fuseaction=main.snakes.display&id=SN2630 |website=Clinical Toxinology Resources |publisher=University of Adelaide |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
''Naja sagittifera'' is classified under the [[genus]] ''[[Naja]]'' of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Elapidae]]. It was first described by [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Frank Wall]], a [[British people|British]] [[physician]] and [[herpetologist]] in 1913. The [[genus|generic]] name ''Naja'' is a Latinisation of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|nāgá}}'' ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}), meaning "cobra". The [[species|specific]] epithet ''sagittifera'' is Latin and means "arrow-bearing".{{cn|date=June 2021}}

The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana'') and [[Monocled cobra]] (''Naja kaouthia'') have been demonstrated to be sister clades to ''Naja sagittifera''. Noticeably, despite population separation caused by the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains, ''N. oxiana'' demonstrates a single evolutionary lineage, suggesting historic rapid range expansion. ''N. oxiana'' is a non-spitter unlike ''N. kaouthia'' and ''N. sagittifera''. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kazemi|first1=Elmira|last2=Nazarizadeh|first2=Masoud|last3=Fatemizadeh|first3=Faezeh|last4=Khani|first4=Ali|last5=Kaboli|first5=Mohammad|date=2021|title=The phylogeny, phylogeography, and diversification history of the westernmost Asian cobra (Serpentes: Elapidae: Naja oxiana) in the Trans-Caspian region|url= |journal=Ecology and Evolution|language=en|volume=11|issue=5|pages=2024–2039|doi=10.1002/ece3.7144|issn=2045-7758|pmc=7920780|pmid=33717439}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996-04-01|title=Taxonomic changes and toxinology: Systematic revisions of the asiatic cobras (Naja naja species complex)|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0041010195001395|journal=Toxicon|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=399–406|doi=10.1016/0041-0101(95)00139-5|issn=0041-0101|last1=Wüster|first1=Wolfgang|pmid=8735239}}</ref>

==Description==
The Andaman cobra is medium to large sized snake in length, is a heavy bodied snake with long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened, it may also spit its venom into the eyes, although not as accurately as the true spitting cobras. Body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub-cylindrical posteriorly. The average length of these snakes is about {{convert|0.9|m|ft}}, but they can grow to about {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} regularly, although the longest specimen found measured {{convert|1.8|m|ft}}. Adults come in three color patterns: a) Uniform glossy black above, with indistinct black monocle hood mark. Glossy dark-gray below. Head black, with pale white patches on shields. b) Light brown or creamish above, with indistinct black lines round the body and tail and indistinct black monocle hood mark, with brown centre. Pale brown below. Head light brown, spotted with black. c) Uniform grayish above, with distinct black narrow, irregular cross-bars on the body and tail and distinct black monocle hood mark, with gray centre. Grayish below. Head black, with pale white patches on shields. [[Juvenile (organism)|Juvenile]]s have broad black cross-band on throat or underside of neck. Juveniles are glossy black above with a series of narrow, white, irregular cross-bars on body and tail, which show 'A' shape marks when seen from the side. There is a distinct white monocle mark, with black centre. Monocle mark becomes black with the age, also a broad white band below monocle mark disappears with age. Black below. Head black, with some shields blueish-white.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andaman & Nicobar Snakes |url=http://www.andamannicobarsnakes.com/Najasagittifera.html |publisher=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

===Scalation===
Head broad, slightly distinct from neck. Eye medium, with round pupil; nostrils large; frontal small; no loreal; 1 preocular in contact with posterior nasal; 3 postoculars; temporals 2+1 or 2+2. Scales smooth, in 27-29 : 21-23 : 15-17 rows; supralabials 7 ( 3rd and 4th in contact with the eye ), 7th longest, elongated; cuneates 1 on each side; infralabials 8, first 4 touching the first pair of genials; ventrals 172–184; subcaudals 60-64, paired; anal entire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=G |title=TERRALOG: Venomous Snakes of Asia, Vol. 14 |date=2006 |publisher=Hollywood Import & Export |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=3936027935 |pages=148 |edition=1st |url=https://www.amazon.ca/TERRALOG-Venomous-Snakes-Asia-Vol/dp/3936027935 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

==Distribution==
This species is endemic to Andaman and Little [[Andaman Islands]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitaker |first1=R |last2=Captain |first2=A |title=Snakes of India, The Field Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Draco Books |isbn=8190187309 |edition=Reprint |url=https://www.amazon.ca/Snakes-India-Field-Romulus-Whitaker/dp/8190187309/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Snakes+of+India.+The+Field+Guide&qid=1622594470&s=books&sr=1-1 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

==Venom==
Until further information becomes available, ''N. sagittifera'' should be assumed to be have a similar venom composition to ''N. kaouthia''.if venom gets into the eye, it can cause huge amount of pain and blindness if left untreated. Cobras causing both extensive local effects, ± flaccid paralysis, such as [[Naja kaouthia]], generally cause a painful bite, with progressive swelling and if [[necrosis]] develops, then there is often discolouration of the skin and/or blistering first. This may progress to full thickness skin necrosis over 3-7 days. Such wounds may be extensive, sometimes involve underlying tissues and be difficult to heal. There is a potential for both secondary infection and long term morbidity. Squamous cell carcinoma can develop in such long-term sores. In addition to these unpleasant local effects, there may be systemic symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and less commonly, evidence of mild, sometimes moderate to severe flaccid paralysis. This may develop within a few hours or be delayed >12 hrs. Ptosis is usually the first sign, followed by [[ophthalmoplegia]], then if it progresses, dysarthria, dysphagia, poor tongue extrusion, drooling, limb weakness, lastly respiratory paralysis. Relative rates of necrosis versus paralysis for ''Naja kaouthia'' vary between studies, but it appears necrosis will develop in about 10-40% of cases, while paralysis occurs in >50% of cases. Infection of the bite area is also common, as high as 58% of cases. Dry bites constitute roughly 20-40% of all bites. Untreated lethality rate is anywhere from 1-10% for Monocled and Andaman cobra bites.<ref name="ctox"/> Untreated lethality rate is 70-80% in victims of the Caspian cobra.<ref name="medsnakes">{{cite book|author=Gopalkrishnakone P, Chou LM (editors)|title=Snakes of Medical Importance (Asia-Pacific Region)|year=1990|publisher=National University of Singapore|location=Singapore|isbn=978-9971-62-217-6}}{{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2712316}}

[[Category:Naja]]
[[Category:Reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1913]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frank Wall]]

{{Elapidae-stub}}

Andaman cobra - Revision history

>Orenburg1 at 17:08, 4 October 2021