Ajay Kumar at 20:48, 30 August 2023

2023-08-30T20:48:18Z

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{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language native to the Naga Hills}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Angami
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|states = [[India]]
|region = [[Nagaland]]
|ethnicity = [[Angami Naga]]
|speakers = {{sigfig|152,716|2}}
|date = 2011 census
|ref = e25
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
|fam5 = [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]]
|script = [[Latin script|Latin]]
|iso3 = njm
|glotto=anga1288
|glottorefname=Angami Naga
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Angami''' (also: Gnamei, Ngami, Tsoghami, Tsugumi, Monr, Tsanglo, Tenyidie) is a [[Naga language]] spoken in the [[Naga Hills]] in the northeastern part of [[India]], in [[Kohima district]], [[Nagaland]]. In 2011, there is an estimate of 153,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers.<ref name=e25/> Under the UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".<ref>Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edn. Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version: http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas</ref>

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last=Blankenship |first=B |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottalic consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[Labialization|labialized]]}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA|kʷ}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʷ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|k<sup>ʍ</sup>}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|m̥|m̥ʰ}}
| {{IPA link|n̥|n̥ʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ̊|ɲ̊ʰ}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|l̥|l̥ʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ̊}}
| {{IPA link|j̊}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʍ}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɻ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|}

Other dialects also contrast {{IPA|/tʃʰ tʃ dʒ/}}. {{IPA|[f]}} only occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/p/}}. The velar fricative is in free variation with {{IPA|[h]}}. The post-alveolar approximants are truly [[retroflex]] (sub-apical) {{IPA|[ɻ̊ ɻ]}} before mid and low vowels, but [[laminal consonant|laminal]] {{IPA|[ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠]}} before high vowels ({{IPA|/i u/}}).{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Angami voiceless nasals are unusual in that, unlike the voiceless nasals of [[Burmese language|Burmese]], they have a positive rather than negative [[voice onset time]]—that is, they are [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] rather than partially voiced. The same is true of the laterals. In both cases, the aspiration has the formants characteristic of Angami ''h,'' which is somewhat velar in pronunciation. The other voiceless approximants may not be aspirated, as the h-like formants occur during the entire hold of the consonant.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

=== Vowels ===
The following are the vowels of the Khonoma dialect.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

The labial and labialized consonants have labiodental affricate allophones before {{IPA|/ə/}} (but not in {{IPA|/[[consonant|C]]ɻə/}} consonant clusters). In addition, about half the time, the rhotic becomes syllabic (a [[rhotic vowel]]) in this environment:

{| class="IPA wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Phon. !! allophone<br>before /ə/
|-
| p
| pfə ~ fə ?<ref>Blankenship states that [f] is an allophone of /p/. However, in the text only [pf] is found. It is not clear if these are in free variation, or if one is perhaps an allophone of /pʰ/.</ref>
|-
| (b)
| (bvə)<ref>In Kohima, but not Khonoma dialect.</ref>
|-
| m̥ʰ
| ɱ̊ʰə
|-
| m
| ɱə
|-
| kʷʰ
| kʰfə
|-
| kʷ
| kvə
|-
| ɡʷ
| ɡvə
|-
| ɻ
| ɻ̩ ~ ɚ
|}

Angami syllables may be of the form [[vowel|V]], [[consonant|C]]V, or {{IPA|CɻV}}. Attested clusters are {{IPA|/pʰɻ/, /pɻ/, /kʰɻ/, /kɻ/}}.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

== Grammar and lexicon ==
A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often
conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time
of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language
documentations (1870s–1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants' meta-data were not specified and
any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook <ref>Rivenburg, S.W. (1905). Angami-English Phrasebook.</ref> and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary <ref>Giridha, P.P and Handoo, L. (1987). Angami-English-Hindi dictionary. {{cite web|url=http://www.anukriti.net/dicbooks/angami-english/index.asp?chr_val%3Dk |title=A n u k r i t i . N e T |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112161558/http://www.anukriti.net/dicbooks/angami-english/index.asp?chr_val=k |archive-date=2011-11-12 }}</ref> available online.

== Text collection ==
The bulk of available Anagami texts are from printed materials (novels, poems and textbooks), the largest text assortment of electronic texts are mostly Christian religious or devotional materials written in Tenyidie. This is because the majority of Angami speakers in the Nagaland are Christians {{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}. The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis <ref>The Bible Society of India. (1970). The Holy Bible: Angami Naga – Genesis Translation. The Long Now Foundation. https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_njm_gen-1</ref> from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible...Basically® in Tenyidie <ref>Griffin, R. (n.d.). The Bible…Basically® in Tenyidie. {{cite web|url=http://biblestudydownloads.com/Tenyidie/Tenyidie.html |title=Tenyidie |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305211050/http://biblestudydownloads.com/Tenyidie/Tenyidie.html |archive-date=2012-03-05 }}</ref> are also available online.

Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and
especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community
(e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church<ref>Baptist Revival Church (2011). Shieshülie - Tenyidie songbook. Retrieved from
http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729195821/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwNDA3Nzk%3D-ZxNlAmDAZ8A%3D |date=29 July 2013 }}</ref>), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the Hornbill National Rock Contest <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hornbillfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=81&Itemid=2|title=Hornbill Festival - Hornbill festival of Nagaland|last=www.site5.com|website=Hornbill Festival|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and Rattle and Hum Music Society <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rattlenhum.com/index.html |title=Rattle & Hum Music Society Nagaland |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724150051/http://www.rattlenhum.com/index.html |archive-date=2012-07-24 }}</ref> and Angami pop/rock bands such as the Cultural Vibrants<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myspace.com/culturalvibrants|title=Culturalvibrants | Listen and Stream Free Music, Albums, New Releases, Photos, Videos}}</ref> take the Angami music by storm; they popularized traditional Angami folk music that used to be passed down orally, it is foreseeable that these lyrics will be written in the near future.

The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university.
Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbsenagaland.com/documents/Syllabus/Class%209%2610_2008%20Syllabus.pdf |title=Secondary School Syllabus |publisher=Nagaland Board of School Education |pages=48–52 |access-date=2018-05-25 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714160934/http://www.nbsenagaland.com/documents/Syllabus/Class%209%2610_2008%20Syllabus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.examfear.com/files/00/42/2010-12-08-21-04-57.pdf |title=Higher Secondary School Syllabus for Classes 11 & 12 |publisher=Nagaland Board of School Education |page=36 |access-date=2012-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912000827/http://www.examfear.com/files/00/42/2010-12-08-21-04-57.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-12}}</ref> that contain test questions on Tenyidie. Also the Tenyidie syllabus for the university courses in Kohima College would have been the primary source of language data for Angami{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}.

== See also ==
* [[Angami Naga]]
* [[Tibetic languages]]

==References==

===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal|last=Blankenship|first=Barbara|author2=Peter Ladefoged |author3=Peri Bhaskararao |author4=Nichumeno Chase |date=June 1993|title=Phonetic Structures of Khonoma Angami|journal=Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages|publisher=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics|volume=84|pages=127–141}}

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/angami/angami.html Khonama materials at UCLA]
* [http://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/angami-the-language-of-the-enchanting-hills/ Angami Language Intro]

{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]

Angami language - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 20:48, 30 August 2023