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{{Short description|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli by India}}
{{see also|Annexation of Goa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| partof = the Indian Conquest of Portuguese India
| image = Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Map of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the 1950s.
| date = 22 July – 11 August 1954
| place = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Portuguese India]]
| casus =
| result = Indian rebel victory
| combatant1 = {{Flagicon|India}} Nationalist and Communist rebels from India
*[[United Front of Goans]] (UFG)
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization]] (NMLO)
*[[Gomantak Lok Pox|Goa People's Party]]
*[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
*[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Nationalism in India: Ideological corollaries
|quote=The RSS people also participated in 1954 in the liberation struggle of Dadra and Nagar Haveli enclave from Portugal|page=130|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications}}</ref>
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD)
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese India]]
{{Flag|Portugal}}
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|India}} J.D. Nagarwala, [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] of [[Maharashtra Police]]<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Francis Mascarenhas, leader of UFG<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Com. L.B. Dhangar, CPI<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Raja Wakankar, leader of RSS<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Prabhakar Sinari, leader of AGD
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Captain Virgílio Fidalgo|Virgílio Fidalgo]], Administrator of Nagar Avely
| strength1 = Nearly 201,000 volunteer fighters:
*200,000 Adivasis
*[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] Activists
*50 [[United Front of Goans|UFG]] Rebels
*200 [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] Fighters
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal|AGD]] Fighters
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization|NLMO]] Fighters
*Indian Police forces
| strength2 = 329 units in total:
*Portuguese India Police constables
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 2 killed
}}

The '''Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' was the conflict in which the territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] passed from [[Portugal|Portuguese]] rule to independent rule, with Indian allegiance, in 1954.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small undefended [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese overseas territories]], part of [[Portuguese India]] since 1779. The territories were [[enclave]]s, without any access to the sea, administered by the Portuguese Governor of the district of [[Daman district, India|Damão]].

After India attained independence in 1947, some residents, with the help of volunteers from [[left-wing]] organizations such as the [[United Front of Goans]] (UFG), the [[National Movement Liberation Organization]] (NMLO), the [[Gomantak Lok Pox|Goa People's Party]] (affiliated to [[Communism|Communist]] ideology), the [[Communist Party of India]] as well as [[right-wing]] organizations such as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD) occupied Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954 and displaced Portuguese rule. The territories were subsequently merged into the Indian Union in 1961.

== Background ==

After Indian independence in 1947, pro-India activists in the Portuguese Indian provinces, as well as Indians from other places, proposed removing Portuguese control of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and integrating them with India.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> This was in line with the ideology of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who had, before India's independence, affirmed that "Goa cannot be allowed to exist as a separate entity in opposition to the laws of the free State [of India]".<ref>[http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap69.htm M.K. Gandhi, H, 30-6-1946, p. 208]</ref>

Appasaheb Karmalkar, a bank employee with the Goa government took the reins of the National Liberation Movement Organization (NLMO) for the control of Portuguese-ruled Indian territories. Simultaneously the Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD), led by Vishwanath Lavande, Dattatreya Deshpande, Prabhakar Sinari and Gole, along with volunteers of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] led by Raja Wakankar and Nana Kajrekar had been planning an armed assault on Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Wakankar and Kajrekar visited the area around Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman several times in 1953 to study the topography and to get acquainted with workers and leaders who were agitating for the merger of the Portuguese territory with India.

The National Movement Organisation (NMO), Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) and RSS agreed to form a United Front for liberation of D & N, in April 1954. Raja Wakankar and Nana Kajrekar of RSS reported that [[Lavachha]], a village in Union of India, which was situated in between Dadra And Nagar Haveli, which was separated from each other by 4 km belt of land, was the most suitable place for liberation operation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/indianphilately/chapter49b.htm|title=Portuguese Possessions in India - July 1954}}</ref>

Separately, the Goa People's Party and the then- [[Communist Party of India]] had also been arming and mobilizing Warli Adivasis in the neighboring districts since the mid-40's. Com L.B. Dhangar, Roopji Kadu and 'Godutai' [[Godavari Parulekar]] led the Warli communists during the Dadra Nagar Haveli struggle against Portuguese colonialism, around the slogan of 'Land to the tiller!'<ref name="Prashad">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/954115551|title=Communist histories|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|year=2016|isbn=978-93-80118-33-8|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=954115551}}</ref>

In April 1954 the NLMO, AGD and RSS agreed to form a United Front for invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. At a meeting in Elphinstone garden, an armed assault was planned. Independently, another organization, United Front of Goans (UFG), also pursued similar plans.<ref name="lele" />

On 21 July 1954, the [[Communist Party of India]] forced the Portuguese to retreat from [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]], a small [[Landlocked country|landlocked territory]] bordering [[Nagar Haveli]] under leaders like Francis Mascarenhas, [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en}}</ref>

J.D. Nagarwala, DIG of the [[Special Reserve Police]], which had been deployed along the territory, had been sympathetic with the separatists. He had himself visited the area often and advised the separatists on the next moves.<ref name =lele/>

=== The Portuguese situation ===
The situation all around Dadra and Nagar Haveli was controlled by [[Special Reserve Police]] (SRP) of the Government of India. Mr. J. D. Nagarwala DIG was in overall control of SRP with the purpose of checking and preventing the infiltration of [[military personnel]] and [[military material|material]] from Goa to Nagar Aveli, via Damão and Dadra. The SRP also controlled the entry of civilians, to and from the Portuguese areas, by issuing permits, to stop the possibility of infiltration of undesirable persons, like workers and leaders of Communist Party. The Portuguese Chief of Police at Silvassa, Señ. Falcão, had a total Police force of 329 constables – out of which, 3 were at Dadra and 9 were at Naroly.

Dadra was surrounded from all sides by Indian territory and Naroly would get isolated by River Daman-Ganga during the Monsoon. So, it was decided, by the separatists, to take over Dadra and Naroly during Monsoon, in the month of July. And the takeover of Silvassa would be worked out after occupying Dadra and Naroly.

{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

=== Invasion of Dadra ===
Dadra had a total of 3 police officers to maintain law and security in the region. The UFG, led by [[Francis Mascarenhas]], [[Viman Sardesai]] and others, attacked the police station of Dadra on the night of 22 July 1954, assassinating [[Aniceto Rosário]], inspector at Dadra Police Station. There were 2 other police guards in the police station, who were overpowered by the UFG forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=How 18th June road got its name|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name|work=News Blog|publisher=Navbharat Times|access-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102072826/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The next morning, an Indian flag was hoisted to declare Dadra a free territory. A panchayat for Dadra was formed under the administration of Jayanti Bhai Desai.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Naroly ===
A total of 6 police officers were in charge of the security in the [[Naroli|Naroly]] region, at that time. On 28 July some 20 to 25 RSS activists
led by Wakankar and 8 to 10 AGD volunteer fighters led by Sinari crossed the [[Darotha river]] and reached Naroly and stormed the police station. The Chief, his constable and the other 4 Portuguese police officers were forced to surrender. Thus on 28 July 1954 Naroly was liberated from Portuguese rule. On 29 July a Panchayat for Naroli was established.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Luhari ===
On 30 July, close to 200,000 Indian Adivasi Communist protestors rallied on the Indian side of the Dadra Nagar Haveli borders. The small police force was unable to restrain them and a detachment charged into Luhari village. 35 other villages in the Daman-Ganga area were attacked by the Adivasi people on that day.<ref name="Prashad"/>

While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the [[Morarji Desai]]-led Congress government was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest national opposition party at the time and the union government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Com. Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the town of Silvassa, whom by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Anita|date=2003|title=Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The case of Goa, 1947-61|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/35649/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|journal=University of Goa|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

On 4 February 1948, the Indian government had banned the RSS due to its role in the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]. However, as per the statement to the Bombay Legislative Assembly on 14 September 1949 (Proceedings p2126) the Home Minister Morarji Desai admitted that the ban on RSS was no longer considered necessary and it was lifted unconditionally.

=== Invasion of Silvassa ===
After Naroly had been captured, there were rumors that thousands of [[Warli]] communists as well as UFG fighters were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police, under the leadership of Captain Virgílio Fidalgo, retreated to Silvassa, leaving only 5 officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa, bordering the Indian village of [[Lavachha]]. The separatists led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD took this opportunity, crossed the river and captured Piparia.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo was asked by the separatists (led by Karmalkar) to surrender, but as there was no response from the Administrator the separatists decided to march towards Silvassa. Two units were led by the RSS and the third was led by the AGD. All three units moved from three different directions to Silvassa. Fidalgo with 150 Police personnel fled south, to the village of [[Comel|Khanvel]], leaving the separatists with no resistance as they entered Silvassa on 2 August. They then declared the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the unit, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of treasury.<ref name =lele/>

===Surrender of Captain Fidalgo===
Rumors were circulating that Portuguese reinforcements were coming to Nagar Haveli from Goa via Daman, so Kajrekar immediately contacted Nagarwala and requested a wireless set to enable the separatists to keep in contact with the Indian SRP Headquarters. The wireless set obtained from the Indian SRP was installed in one of the houses by the riverside. Bandu Karkhanis, an RSS volunteer, who knew how to operate the wireless set was put in charge. He was under instructions that in case of an emergency, he should throw the set in the river, cross the river and take shelter in the Indian territory which was just nearby and protected by Indian SRP.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo who was moving deep in Nagar Haveli with his 150 men were constantly followed by the militants. While the Portuguese set up rearguard defenses on the river bank, the Indian volunteer forces crossed the flooded river with local ferries on 10 August, assaulting the Portuguese forces at [[Comel|Khanvel]] and forcing them to retreat. The Portuguese unit eventually surrendered to the SRP at [[Udhawa|Ulad]] (Udva) on 11 August 1954.<ref name =lele/>

At a public meeting, Karmalkar was chosen as the first administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name =lele/>

==Integration into India==
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{see also|1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|l1=After Portuguese surrender}}The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognized by any other countries before 1974. In the decision of 12 April 1960 in the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", the [[International Court of Justice]] clearly stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the [[Government of India]] for administrative help. K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) was sent as the administrator.

From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as '''Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' by a body called the [[Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1817407/ |title=Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors vs Radhikabai W/O Anandrao Banapurkar & Anr |date= 14 March 1986 |author=O C Reddy |access-date= 2 November 2021}}</ref>

During the years the territories enjoyed ''[[de facto]]'' independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of [[Vapi]] close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India|stamps of Portuguese India]] were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines. A single [[Revenue stamps of India#French and Portuguese India|revenue stamp]] was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

In 1961 when Indian forces [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|took over Goa, Daman, and Diu]], Badlani was, for one day, designated the [[Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], so that, as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].{{fact|date=November 2022}}

The territory was only recognized as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the recognition of that fact by Portugal, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974]</ref>

Until 2006, Portugal continued to grant Portuguese citizenship to all natives of Dadra and Nagar Haveli who wished to have it. In that year, this was amended to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory]

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1954 in India]]
[[Category:1954 in Portugal]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:July 1954 events in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1954 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]

Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli - Revision history

Bot at 02:17, 24 November 2022