ArunAdhikari007 at 18:10, 6 September 2023

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'''Antoni de Montserrat''' ( [[Vic]], [[1536]] – Salsette, [[India]], [[1600]] ) was a Catalan Jesuit trained in [[Portugal]] who in [[1574]] was assigned to the mission of the Portuguese colony of [[Goa]], in India, from where he would travel for the most part of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]] . This traveler and scholar recorded his travels in four manuscripts, of which only two are preserved, the ''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'', in Latin, and ''Relaçam do Equebar, rei dos mogoras'', in Portuguese, referring to his stay in the court of the [[Mughal dynasty|great mogul]].<ref name="sge.org 2015 c138">{{cite web |title=Sociedad Geográfica Española: Antoni de Montserrat. En la última frontera |url=http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126074311/http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html |archive-date=2015-11-26 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=sge.org |language=es}}</ref>

Son of a noble family from Osona, he studied in [[Barcelona]], where he came into contact with [[Ignatius of Loyola|Saint Ignatius of Loyola]] . Fascinated by the life of missionaries, he entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[1558]], being sent to Portugal, where he was ordained a priest in [[1561]] . He studied at the [[University of Coimbra]] and, in [[Lisbon]], where he was prefect of Sant Roc, founder of the convent of the orphans of Santa Marta, vice-rector of the college of Sant Antoni and preceptor of King Sebastian I of Portugal .<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Missió a l’Himalaia | website=LA MIRA | date=2019-07-13 | url=https://www.lamira.cat/persones/1213/missio-a-lhimalaia | language=ca | access-date=2023-09-06}}</ref>

== Embassy to the court of the great Mughal Akbar ==
In [[1574]], at the age of 38, he saw his dream of becoming a missionary fulfilled when he was sent, with 40 other Jesuits, to the mission of the Portuguese colony of Goa, in India. Five years later he was entrusted with the mission of joining the embassy that had to appear at the court of the Mughal king, [[Akbar]], with the specific task of recording everything that happened during the trip. The presence of the priests had been expressly requested by the king himself, a fact that the Portuguese Jesuits misinterpreted as his desire to embrace the Christian faith, something which, in no case, was contemplated by the monarch. In this way, on [[December 13]], [[1579]], Antoni de Montserrat, together with fellow Jesuits [[Rodolfo Acquaviva]] and [[Francisco Henríquez]] - a Persian convert who acted as an interpreter - as well as an ambassador from Akbar, left the colony Portuguese from Daman to the capital of the [[Mughal Empire]] .

The arrival of the group in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], the new capital founded by [[Akbar]], took place on [[March 4]], [[1580]] and there they remained for a year dedicated to religious dialogues and debates, encouraged by the king himself, with representatives of other religions such as Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]] . Montserrat took advantage of her stay to instruct herself in the [[Persian language]] and ended up gaining Akbar's trust, as evidenced by the fact that he appointed him tutor to his son Murad.<ref name=":0" />

After a year, a revolt broke out in the north led by a half-brother of the king, who had the support of some Afghan chieftains. At Akbar's request, Montserrat joined the military expedition and accompanied him throughout the campaign, which lasted throughout [[1581]] . This trip allowed the Jesuit to make contact with a large part of the territories of the Empire, being able to visit [[Delhi]], the [[Himalayas]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and the foothills of Tibet to [[Afghanistan]] . The end of the conflict coincided with the return of the embassy to Goa, once the Jesuits ascertained the monarch's unwillingness to convert to Christianity. In this way, in September [[1582]] they arrived in the Portuguese colony where, for six years, Montserrat worked on her notes with the intention of achieving a more complex and detailed work. The ''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'' incorporated a map of the Himalayas considered a jewel of universal cartography, which describes much of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Tibet, for which Montserrat has been considered the author of the first map of the ceiling of the world <ref name="VilaWeb 2021 w720">{{cite web |title=De quan els catalans descobrien terra ignota |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/de-quan-els-catalans-descobrien-terra-ignota/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=VilaWeb |language=ca}}</ref>

== Captivity in Yemen ==
In [[1588]] Antoni de Montserrat received a direct order from the Hispanic king, [[Philip II of Spain|Felipe II]], to go to [[Ethiopia]] in order to support the missionaries displaced there and explore the possibility of bringing Ethiopian Christianity closer to the Church of Rome . On February 2, [[1589]], Montserrat and his companion [[Pedro Páez]] set sail from Goa disguised as [[Armenians|Armenian]] merchants. The trip was cut short when in Dhufar ( [[Yemen]] ) they were betrayed by the commander who was supposed to take them to Ethiopia, who handed them over to the head of the city, who, in turn, sent them to [[Haymin]], a city in the interior where there was the residence of the [[sultan]] of Hadhramaut . After four months locked up in the prison of this city, they were sent to [[Sana'a]], seat of the Turkish governor of Yemen, where they remained until [[1595]], the year in which they were transferred to the port of [[Mokka]], on the [[Red Sea]], where they had of serving in the galleys for a few months until Montserrat fell seriously ill and was imprisoned in the city prison.

Finally, a year later, these two Jesuits were returned to Goa, after the payment of a ransom of 1,000 ducats. The health of both was very precarious after almost seven years of captivity and, although Páez was able to recover, Antoni de Montserrat died in Salsette, near Goa, where there was a famous Jesuit convent, in March 1600 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casa de Asia en Barcelona|year=2005|title=«Programa Antoni de Montserrat 2005».|url=http://www.casaasia.es/pdf/1606041139191087378759579.pdf|journal=Convocatoria pública de CA.}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Study of his works ==
Modern science discovered Antoni de Montserrat at the beginning of the XX century In [[1906]] Henry Hosten, a Jesuit of the [[British Raj]] specializing in the history of Christianity in India, rediscovered the "Mongolicæ Legationis Commentarius" and published it in [[1914]] . The work aroused great interest in the Indologists of the time.

After being remembered for a time in the annotations of the work on the reign of Akbar and the art of the time, Antoni de Montserrat gained fame among us in the XX century thanks to the popular edition of his works translated from [[Latin]] into Catalan and Spanish by the Orientalist from Barcelona Josep Lluís Alay . The growing fame of the Catalan traveler has led to a series of television programs and publications on religion in Catalonia, in addition to a scholarship in the science and culture of Asia that perpetuates his name.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Complementary bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=127702|title=Ambaixador a la cort del Gran Mogol: viatges d'un jesuïta català del segle XVI a l'Índia, Pakistan, Afganistan i Himàlaia|last=Montserrat|first=Antoni de|publisher=Pagès editors|isbn=978-84-7935-916-4}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/commentary-of-father-monserrate-sj-on-his-journey-to-the-court-of-akbar/oclc/2872814|title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar.|last=Monserrate|first=Antonio|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|isbn=978-81-206-0807-8|location=London; Bombay [etc|language=English}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|title=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8|location=Frankfurt am Main}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=Father A. Monserrate's Account of Akbar (26th Nov. 1582)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=Father A. Monserrate, S.J. on Salsete, Chorão, Divar and the Molucas (1579)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hosten|first=H.|title=The Jesuits at Agra in 1635-1637|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Beveridge|first=H.|title=Notes on Father Monserrate's Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius. (1915/16)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/833411663|journal=Mughal India according to European travel accounts : texts and studies 1|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ|isbn=3-8298-2048-8}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Martí Escayol|first=Maria Antònia|title=Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/456520903|journal=Word, image, text : studies in literary and visual culture|location=New Delhi|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=978-81-250-3735-4}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033547110|title=Akbar e i gesuiti : missionari cristiani alla corte del Gran Moghul|last=Martini|first=Youri|isbn=978-88-6124-691-1|location=Trapani}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.asasve.es/img/web/gencat06_02_reyakbar.pdf Antoni de Montserrat, ambassador in the court of King Akbar.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222082008/http://www.asasve.es/img/web/gencat06_02_reyakbar.pdf}}
* [http://descargas.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/00364064422614284232268/209413_0013.pdf Soler, Isabel The last immensity.]

[[Category:Missionaries]]
[[Category:1536 births]]
[[Category:1600 deaths]]

Antoni de Montserrat - Revision history

ArunAdhikari007 at 18:10, 6 September 2023