https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ao_languageAo language - Revision history2026-07-30T20:28:28ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Ao_language&diff=105361&oldid=prev>Uanfala at 00:16, 12 March 20212021-03-12T00:16:02Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Infobox language family<br />
|name=Ao<br />
|altname=Central Naga<br />
|region=[[Nagaland]], [[India]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Ao Naga]]<br />
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br />
|fam2=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]] ?<br />
|fam3=[[Central Naga languages|Central Naga]]<br />
|child1=''[[Chungli Ao language|Chungli Ao]]''<br />
|child2=''[[Mongsen Ao language|Mongsen Ao]]''<br />
|iso3=njo<br />
|glotto=aona1235<br />
|glottorefname=Ao Naga<br />
|map=Nagaland in India.png<br />
|mapcaption=Nagaland<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ao language''' is a [[Naga language]] spoken by the [[Ao Naga]] in [[Nagaland]] of northeast [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Ao language cluster==<br />
''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the following varieties of Ao.<br />
*Mongsen Khari<br />
*Changki<br />
*Chongli (Chungli)<br />
*Dordar (Yacham)<br />
*Longla<br />
<br />
Chongli and Mongsen are nearly mutually unintelligible.<br />
<br />
Mills (1926) lists the Ao Naga tribes of Nagaland as speaking three languages: Chungli, Mongsen, and Changki. [[Chungli Ao]] and [[Mongsen Ao]] are spoken in majority of the Ao villages, whereas Changki speakers form the minor speakers.<br />
<br />
[[Mongsen Ao]] is spoken primarily in the western part of Ao territory.<br />
<br />
Changki Ao is spoken only in 3 villages - Changki, Japu and Longjemdang - which is poorly documented though reportedly related to Mongsen Ao. Some Changki speakers can fluently converse in both Mongsen and Chungli, but a Mongsen Ao cannot speak Changki or understand it, whereas a Chungli can hardly understand or speak Changki. Chungli Ao and Mongsen Ao are not mutually intelligible.<ref>Escamilla, R. M. (2012). ''An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman), and Beyond.'' Unpublished PhD dissertation, U.C. Berkeley.</ref><br />
<br />
The speech of each Ao village has its own distinctive characteristics. Many villages contain both Chungli and Mongsen speakers.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
[https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1704] [https://phoible.org/inventories/view/497]<br />
===Vowels=== <br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!align="center"|[[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
!align="center"|[[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-align="center"<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|i<br />
|<br />
|ɯ u<br />
|-align="center"<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|e<br />
|ə<br />
|o<br />
|-align="center"<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|a<br />
|ɔ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Consonants=== <br />
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center"<br />
!colspan="2"|<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|m<br />
|n<br />
|<br />
|ŋ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]<br />
!<small>plain</small><br />
|p b<br />
|t d<br />
|<br />
|k g<br />
|ʔ<br />
|-<br />
!<small>aspirated</small><br />
|pʰ<br />
|tʰ<br />
|<br />
|kʰ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
|<br />
|t͡s<br />
|<br />
|t͡ɕ d͡ʑ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|s z<br />
|ɭ˔<br />
|ɕ<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Tap consonants|Tap]]<br />
|<br />
|ɾ<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
|w<br />
|l<br />
|<br />
|j<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tones===<br />
This language has 3 tones, mid tone ˧ rising tone ˩˥ and falling tone ˥˩.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*van Driem, George (2001). ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Leiden: Brill.<br />
*Bruhn, Daniel Wayne. 2014. ''[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/Bruhn_2014_A-Phonological-Reconstruction-of-Proto-Central-Naga.pdf A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga]''. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.<br />
*Saul, J. D. 2005. ''The Naga of Burma: Their festivals, customs and way of life''. Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.<br />
*Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. [http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Tiffany_Barkman_Thesis.pdf ''A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga)'']. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.<br />
*Shi, Vong Tsuh. 2009. ''[http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Vongs-thesis-May-2009_update2017.pdf Discourse studies of Makuri Naga narratives]''. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.<br />
*Language and Social Development Organization (LSDO). 2006. ''A sociolinguistic survey of Makuri, Para, and Long Phuri Naga in Layshi Township, Myanmar''. Unpublished manuscript.<br />
*Mills, J. P (1926). The Ao Nagas. London: MacMillan & Co.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ao people]]<br />
<br />
{{Naga languages}}<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan branches}}<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ao languages|*]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]</div>>Uanfala