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{{short description|Substance intended to rouse sexual desires}}
{{About|the detailed description of the term|other uses|Aphrodisiac (disambiguation)|Brandy's song|Afrodisiac (song)}}

An '''aphrodisiac''' is a substance alleged to increase [[libido]], [[sexual desire]], sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Melnyk|first1=John P.|last2=Marcone|first2=Massimo F.|date=May 2011|title=Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources—A review of current scientific literature|journal=Food Research International|volume=44|issue=4|pages=840–850|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.043}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The psychology of human sexuality|last=Lehmiller, Justin J.|isbn=9781119164708|edition=Second|location=Hoboken, NJ |oclc=992580729 |date = 12 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sandroni|first=Paola|date=October 2001|title=Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review|journal=Clinical Autonomic Research |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=303–307 |doi=10.1007/bf02332975 |pmid=11758796 |s2cid=32348540 |issn=0959-9851}}</ref> These substances range from a variety of plants, spices and foods to synthetic chemicals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Bella|first1=Anthony J|last2=Shamloul|first2=Rany|date=June 2014|title=Traditional Plant Aphrodisiacs and Male Sexual Dysfunction: PLANT APHRODISIACS|journal=Phytotherapy Research|volume=28|issue=6|pages=831–835|doi=10.1002/ptr.5074|pmid=25032254|s2cid=29716079}}</ref> Natural aphrodisiacs like [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] or [[cocaine]] are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Shamloul|first=Rany|date=January 2010|title=Natural Aphrodisiacs|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=7|issue=1|pages=39–49|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01521.x|pmid=19796015}}</ref> Synthetic aphrodisiacs include [[MDMA]] and [[methamphetamine]]. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (i.e., psychological or physiological).<ref name=":0" /> Aphrodisiacs that contain [[hallucinogen]]ic properties like [[bufotenin]] have psychological effects on a person that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties like [[yohimbine]] have physiological effects on a person that can affect hormone levels and increase blood flow.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

It is possible that the aphrodisiac effect of a substance is due to the [[Placebo|placebo effect]].<ref name=":1" /> Substances that impede on areas that aphrodisiacs aim to enhance are called [[anaphrodisiac]]s,<ref name=":1" /> which have the opposite effects on libido.

Both males and females can potentially benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males as their properties tend to increase testosterone levels rather than estrogen levels.<ref name=":2" /> This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on males. Only recent attention has been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, cultural influence in appropriate sexual behavior from males and females also play a part in the research gap.<ref name=":4" />

==History==
The name comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ἀφροδισιακόν, ''aphrodisiakon'', i.e. "sexual, aphrodisiac", from ''aphrodisios'', i.e. "pertaining to [[Aphrodite]]",<ref>{{LSJ|*)afrodisiako/s|ἀφροδισιακόν|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Aphrodisiac|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aphrodisiac&allowed_in_frame=0|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[Twelve Olympians|goddess]] of love. Throughout human history, food, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable. However, from a historical and scientific standpoint, the alleged results may have been mainly due to mere belief by their users that they would be effective ([[placebo effect]]). Likewise, many medicines are reported to ''affect'' libido in inconsistent or idiopathic ways:<ref name="West15">{{cite journal |vauthors=West E, Krychman M |title=Natural Aphrodisiacs-A Review of Selected Sexual Enhancers |journal=Sex Med Rev |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=279–288 |date=October 2015 |pmid=27784600 |doi=10.1002/smrj.62 }}</ref> enhancing or diminishing overall sexual desire depending on the situation of the subject. For example, Bupropion ([[Bupropion|Wellbutrin]]) is known as an [[antidepressant]] that can counteract other co-prescribed antidepressants having libido-diminishing effects. However, because Wellbutrin only increases the libido in the special case that it is already impaired by related medications, it is not generally classed as an aphrodisiac.

Ancient civilizations like Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Roman, and Greek cultures believed that certain substances could provide the key to improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> This was important because some men suffered from [[erectile dysfunction]] and could not reproduce.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Men who were unable to impregnate their wives and father large families were seen as failures, whereas those who could were respected. Hence, a stimulant was needed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Others who did not suffer from this also desired performance enhancers.<ref name=":3" /> Regardless of their usage, these substances gained popularity and began to be documented with information being passed down generations.<ref name=":2" /> Hindu cultures wrote poems dated back around 2000 to 1000 BC that spoke of performance enhancers, ingredients, and usage tips.<ref name=":2" /> Chinese cultures wrote text dated back to 2697 to 2595 BC.<ref name=":4" /> Roman and Chinese cultures documented their belief in aphrodisiac qualities in animal genitalia while Egyptian wrote tips for treating erectile dysfunction.<ref name=":4" /> In [[Post-classical]] West Africa, a volume titled ''Advising Men on Sexual Engagement with Their Women'' from the [[Timbuktu Manuscripts]] acted as a guide on aphrodisiacs and infertility remedies. It offered advice to men on "winning back" their wives. According to Hammer, "At a time when women’s sexuality was barely acknowledged in the West, the manuscript, a kind of [[Baedeker]] to orgasm, offered tips for maximizing sexual pleasure on both sides."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hammer|first=Joshua|title=The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4767-7743-6|location=New York, NY|pages=27}}</ref>

[[Ambergris]], [[Bufo|Bufo toad]], [[yohimbine]], [[Epimedium|horny goat weed]], [[ginseng]], [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], and certain foods are recorded throughout these texts as containing aphrodisiac qualities.<ref name=":0" /> While numerous plants, [[extract]]s or manufactured hormones have been proposed as aphrodisiacs, there is little high-quality [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] for the efficacy or long-term safety of using them.<ref name="West15" /><ref name="drugs">{{cite web|title=Sexual health|url=https://www.drugs.com/sexual-health.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=17 May 2018|date=11 June 2016}}</ref>

There has been increasing attention in recent years surrounding the use of aphrodisiac drugs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=Love as a drug: can romance be medically prescribed? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/feb/09/love-as-a-drug-can-romance-be-medically-prescribed |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, [[Julian Savulescu]] and [[Brian Earp]] published a philosophy book entitled ''Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships''. They argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships. Both to fall in love, and, to fall out of it.<ref name=":5" />

==Types==
===Ambergris===
[[File:Ambergris.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ambergris]]
[[Ambergris]] is found in the gut of sperm whales. It is commonly used in Arab cultures as relief medication for headaches or as a performance enhancer. The chemical structure of Ambrien has shown to increase testosterone levels triggering sexual desire and sexual behavior in animal studies only. Further research is needed to know the effects on humans.<ref name=":2" />

===Bufotenin===
[[Bufotenin]] is found in the skin and glands of Bufo toads. It is commonly used in West Indian and Chinese cultures. West Indian cultures use it as an aphrodisiac called 'Love Stone'. Chinese cultures use bufotenin as heart medication called ''Chan su''.<ref name=":2" /> Research shows that it can have a negative effect on heart rate.<ref name=":0" />

===Yohimbine===
[[File:Yohimbine structure.svg|thumb|upright=0.75|Yohimbine chemical structure]]
[[Yohimbine]] is a substance found in the bark of yohim trees in West Africa.<ref name=":3" /> It was traditionally used in West African cultures, in which the bark would be boiled and the resulting water drunk until its effects showed proven benefits in increasing sexual desire.<ref name=":0" /> It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and can be prescribed for sexual dysfunction in the United States and Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> It is also found in over-the-counter health products.<ref name=":0" /> The chemical structure of yohimbine is an indole alkaloid that contains an adrenergic receptor blocker. This blocker affects the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and penile tissue and vascular smooth muscle cells that help men with physiological issues and treats psychogenic erectile dysfunction.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Known side effects include nausea, anxiety, irregular heartbeats, and restlessness.<ref name=":3" />

===Horny goat weed===
[[Horny goat weed]] (''Epimedii herba'') is used in Chinese folk medicine.<ref name=":0" /> It was thought useful for treating medical conditions and improving sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior.<ref name=":0" /> Horny goat weed contains [[icariin]], a flavanol glycoside. Its exotic name comes from the tendency of goats in the region to seek out this weed. Once farmers saw its effects on the goat population they began to use it to increase the number of workers on their farms.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

===Alcohol===
[[File:Ethanol-3D-balls.png|upright=0.75|thumb|right|A molecule of alcohol]]
[[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol]] has been associated as an aphrodisiac due to its effect as a central nervous system depressant.<ref name=":4" /> Depressants can increase sexual desire and sexual behavior through disinhibition.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Alcohol affects people both physiologically and psychologically, and is therefore difficult to determine exactly how people are experiencing its aphrodisiacal effects (i.e., aphrodisiac qualities or the expectancy effect).<ref name=":1" /> Alcohol taken in moderate quantities can elicit a positive increase in sexual desire whereas larger quantities are associated with difficulties reaching sexual pleasure.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Jessica|date=2019-02-14|title=Do aphrodisiacs really work?|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190211-do-aphrodisiacs-really-work|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519210407/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190211-do-aphrodisiacs-really-work |archive-date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> Chronic alcohol consumption is related to sexual dysfunction.<ref name=":1" />

===Cannabis===
{{See also|Cannabis and sex}}
[[Marijuana]] reports are mixed with half of users claiming an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure while the other half reports no effect.<ref name=":1" /> Consumption, individual sensitivity, and possibly marijuana strain are known factors that affect results.<ref name=":1" />

===Food===
[[File:Insam (ginseng).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Ginseng]]
Many cultures have turned to food as a source of increasing sexual desire; however, significant research is lacking in the study of aphrodisiac qualities in food. Most claims can be linked to the placebo effect aforementioned.<ref name=":1" /> Misconceptions revolve around the visual appearance of these foods in relation to male and female genitalia (i.e., [[carrot]]s, [[banana]]s, [[oyster]]s, and the like).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Other beliefs arise from the thought of consuming animal genitals and absorbing their properties (i.e., cow cod soup in [[Jamaica]] or balut in the [[Philippines]]).<ref name=":0" /> [[Korean bug]] is a popular aphrodisiac in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia either eaten alive or in gelatin form.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JK, Tan RB, Chung E | title = Erectile dysfunction treatment and traditional medicine-can East and West medicine coexist? | journal = Translational Andrology and Urology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–100 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28217454 | pmc = 5313309 | doi = 10.21037/tau.2016.11.13 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The caterpillar fungus (''[[Ophiocordyceps sinensis]]'') is another aphrodisiac used in China.<ref name=Lu2023>{{cite book |author=Lu, D. |title=The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus |series=Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History |year=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=1–294 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1 |isbn=978-3-031-24722-4 |s2cid=256618310 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1 |language=en}}</ref> The story of Aphrodite, who was born from the sea, is another reason why individuals believe seafood is another source of aphrodisiacs.<ref name=":4" /> Foods that contain volatile oils have gained little recognition in their ability to improve sexual desire, sexual pleasure, and/or sexual behavior because they are irritants when released through the urinary tract.<ref name=":2" /> [[Chocolate]] has been reported to increase sexual desire in women who consume it over those who do not. Cloves and sage have been reported to demonstrate aphrodisiac qualities but their effects are not yet specified.<ref name=":0" /> Tropical fruits, such as [[Alibertia patinoi|Borojó]] and [[Bactris gasipaes|Chontaduro]] are considered energizers in general and sexual energizers in particular.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González-Jaramillo |first1=Nancy |last2=Bailon-Moscoso |first2=Natalia |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Romero-Benavides |first4=Juan Carlos |date=January 2022 |title=Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.): Ancestral Tropical Staple with Future Potential |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=3134 |doi=10.3390/plants11223134 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=9695847 |pmid=36432863|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González-Jaramillo |first1=Nancy |last2=Bailon-Moscoso |first2=Natalia |last3=Duarte-Casar |first3=Rodrigo |last4=Romero-Benavides |first4=Juan Carlos |date=2022-12-16 |title=Alibertia patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C.H.Perss. (Borojó): food safety, phytochemicals, and aphrodisiac potential |journal=SN Applied Sciences |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=27 |doi=10.1007/s42452-022-05251-1 |issn=2523-3971|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Ginseng===
[[Ginseng]] is the root of any member of the genus ''Panax''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Ginseng's active ingredients are ginsenosides and saponin glycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lü |first1=Jian-Ming |last2=Yao |first2=Qizhi |last3=Chen |first3=Changyi |date=25 August 2010 |title=Ginseng Compounds: An Update on Their Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications |journal=Current Vascular Pharmacology |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.2174/157016109788340767 |pmid=19601854 |pmc=2928028 }}</ref> There are three different ways to process ginseng. Fresh ginseng is cut at four years of growth, white ginseng is cut at four to six years of growth, and red ginseng is cut, dried, and steamed at six years of growth. Red ginseng has been reported to be the most effective aphrodisiac of the three.<ref name=":3" /> Known side effects include mild gastrointestinal upset.<ref name=":4" />

[[Lepidium meyenii|Maca]] is a Peruvian plant sometimes called "Peruvian ginseng" (but not closely related to ''Panax''). It has been used as a tonic to improve sexual performance.

===Synthetic===
{{See also|Sex and drugs}}
[[File:MDMA (simple).svg|upright=0.75|thumb|right|MDMA Molecule, the compound found in "Ecstasy"]]
Popular party substances have been reported by users to consist of aphrodisiac properties because of their enhancing effects with sexual pleasure.
[[Ecstasy (drug)|Ecstasy]] users have reported an increase in sexual desire and sexual pleasure; however, there have been reports of delays in orgasm in both sexes and erectile difficulties in men. [[Poppers]], an inhalant, have been linked to increased sexual pleasure. Known side effects are headaches, nausea, and temporary erectile difficulties.<ref name=":1" />

====Phenethylamines====
[[Amphetamine]], [[methylphenidate]], and [[methamphetamine]] are [[substituted phenethylamine|phenethylamine derivatives]] which are known to increase libido and cause frequent or prolonged erections as potential side effects, particularly at high [[wikt:supratherapeutic|supratherapeutic]] doses where sexual hyperexcitability and hypersexuality can occur;<ref name="Human amph effects">{{cite book | author=Gunne LM | title=Drug Addiction II: Amphetamine, Psychotogen, and Marihuana Dependence | date=2013 | publisher=Springer | location=Berlin, Germany; Heidelberg, Germany | isbn=9783642667091 | pages=247–260 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_uCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 | access-date=4 December 2015 | chapter=Effects of Amphetamines in Humans }}</ref><ref name="FDA Effects">{{cite web | title = Adderall XR Prescribing Information | url = http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf | pages = 4–8 | work = United States Food and Drug Administration |date=December 2013 | access-date = 30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Libido">{{cite journal | author = Montgomery KA | title = Sexual desire disorders | journal = Psychiatry (Edgmont) | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 50–55 |date=June 2008 | pmid = 19727285 | pmc = 2695750 }}</ref><ref name="Desoxyn">{{cite web| title=Desoxyn Prescribing Information| url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/005378s028lbl.pdf|date=December 2013 |work=United States Food and Drug Administration| access-date=6 January 2014 | quote = ADVERSE REACTIONS ... '''changes in libido'''; frequent or prolonged erections. [emphasis added]}}</ref> however, in some individuals who use these drugs, libido is reduced.<ref name="FDA Effects" /><ref name="Desoxyn" />

[[2C-B]] was sold commercially in 5 mg pills as a purported aphrodisiac under the trade name "Erox", which was manufactured by the German pharmaceutical company Drittewelle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Erowid Chemicals Vaults : Images : 2cb pack|url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/2cb_pack2.jpg|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.erowid.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nolan|first=James|date=2019-03-05|title=This Is What 2-CB Does to You|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/d3mwgx/what-is-2cb-and-its-effects|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-03|website=www.vice.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222938/https://www.vice.com/en/article/d3mwgx/what-is-2cb-and-its-effects |archive-date=11 November 2020 }}</ref>

====Testosterone====
[[Libido]] in males is linked to levels of sex hormones, particularly [[testosterone]].<ref name=drugs/><ref>{{cite journal |title=The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function |author=R. Shabsigh| year=1997|journal=World J. Urol.| pmid=9066090 | volume = 15 | pages = 21–6 | doi = 10.1007/BF01275152 |issue=1|s2cid=23591806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=Helen E.|last2=Aron|first2=Arthur|last3=Brown|first3=Lucy L.|date=2006-12-29|title=Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|volume=361|issue=1476|pages=2173–2186|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1938|issn=0962-8436|pmid=17118931|pmc=1764845}}</ref> When a reduced sex drive occurs in individuals with relatively low levels of testosterone, particularly in [[postmenopausal]] women or men over age 60,<ref name="snyder">{{cite journal|pmc=5209754|year=2016|last1=Snyder|first1=P. J|title=Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=374|issue=7|pages=611–624|last2=Bhasin|first2=S|last3=Cunningham|first3=G. R|last4=Matsumoto|first4=A. M|last5=Stephens-Shields|first5=A. J|last6=Cauley|first6=J. A|last7=Gill|first7=T. M|last8=Barrett-Connor|first8=E|last9=Swerdloff|first9=R. S|last10=Wang|first10=C|last11=Ensrud|first11=K. E|last12=Lewis|first12=C. E|last13=Farrar|first13=J. T|last14=Cella|first14=D|last15=Rosen|first15=R. C|last16=Pahor|first16=M|last17=Crandall|first17=J. P|last18=Molitch|first18=M. E|last19=Cifelli|first19=D|last20=Dougar|first20=D|last21=Fluharty|first21=L|last22=Resnick|first22=S. M|last23=Storer|first23=T. W|last24=Anton|first24=S|last25=Basaria|first25=S|last26=Diem|first26=S. J|last27=Hou|first27=X|last28=Mohler Er|first28=I. I. I|last29=Parsons|first29=J. K|last30=Wenger|first30=N. K|display-authors=29|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1506119|pmid=26886521}}</ref> [[dietary supplement]]s that are purported to increase [[blood serum|serum]] testosterone concentrations have been used with intent to increase libido, although with limited benefit.<ref name=drugs/><ref name=snyder/> Long-term therapy with synthetic oral testosterone is associated with increased risk of [[cardiovascular diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4245724|year=2014|last1=Borst|first1=S. E|title=Cardiovascular risks and elevation of serum DHT vary by route of testosterone administration: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=BMC Medicine|volume=12|pages=211|last2=Shuster|first2=J. J|last3=Zou|first3=B|last4=Ye|first4=F|last5=Jia|first5=H|last6=Wokhlu|first6=A|last7=Yarrow|first7=J. F|doi=10.1186/s12916-014-0211-5|pmid=25428524 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Risks==
Solid evidence is hard to obtain as these substances come from many different environments cross-culturally and therefore affect results due to variations in its growth and extraction.<ref name=":3" /> The same is also true for unnatural substances as variations in consumption and individual sensitivity can affect results.<ref name=":1" /> Folk medicine and self-prescribed methods can be potentially harmful as side effects are not fully known and therefore are not made aware to the people searching this topic on the internet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==In popular culture==
[[File:1926WantQuickPep.jpg|thumb|right|230px|An advertisement for pills from 1926 implies an aphrodisiac effect: "full of red-blooded vim and push".]]

The invention of an aphrodisiac is the basis of a number of films including [[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer'']], ''[[Spanish Fly (1975 film)|Spanish Fly]]'', ''[[She'll Follow You Anywhere]]'', ''[[Love Potion No. 9 (film)|Love Potion No. 9]]'' and ''[[A Serbian Film]]''. The first segment of [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) (film)|Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)]]'' is called "Do Aphrodisiacs Work?", and casts Allen as a [[court jester]] trying to seduce the [[Queen regnant|queen]]. The "Despair Arc" of ''[[Danganronpa 3: The End of Hope's Peak High School]]'' features a class being dosed with aphrodisiacs.

==See also==
{{Portal|Human sexuality}}
* [[Pheromone]]
* [[Anaphrodisiac]]
* [[Date rape drug]]
* [[Empathogen–entactogen]]
* [[Food and sexuality]]
* ''[[Fork Me, Spoon Me]]'', 2006 book
* [[Hypersexuality]]
* [[Hypoactive sexual desire disorder]]
* [[Love potion]]
* [[Phytoestrogen]]
* [[Phytoandrogen]]
* [[Vyleesi]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
* Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): ''Lust and Love: Is It More than Chemistry?'' Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006; {{ISBN|0-85404-867-7}}.
* Michael Scott: ''Pillow Talk: A Comprehensive Guide to Erotic Hypnosis and Relyfe Programming''. Blue Deck Press, 2011; {{ISBN|0-98341-640-0}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aphrodisiacs}}
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27752 ''Aphrodisiacs and Anti-aphrodisiacs: Three Essays on the Powers of Reproduction'' by John Davenport].

{{Aphrodisiacs}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aphrodisiacs| ]]
[[Category:Drug classes defined by psychological effects]]
[[Category:Sex and drugs]]

Aphrodisiac - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates at 08:02, 24 November 2023