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{{refimprove|date=July 2021}}The '''Architecture of Gujarat''' consists of architecture in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Gujarat]].

The first major civilization in Gujarat was the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan Civilization]]. Their settlements, including [[Dholavira|Dholvaira]] and [[Lothal]] are characteristic of [[Harappan architecture]].

[[Islamic architecture]] flourished during the rule of the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Empire in Gujarat. Buildings were built in European styles, including Gothic and Neoclassical during the British Colonial period. [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] architecture also developed during this period. After independence in 1947, modernist architecture is seen in Gujarat.

== Ancient period ==
[[File:Dholavira_East_Gate.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Dholavira]], a site from the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus Valley Civilization]].]]

=== Indus Valley Civilization ===
Gujarat has large number of the archaeological sites associated with [[Indus Valley civilization]].The Indus Valley sites in Gujarat include [[Dholavira|Dholvaira]], and [[Lothal]] architecture.
[[File:Lothal - ancient well.jpg|thumb|An ancient well at [[Lothal]], and the city drainage canals.]]
The city of Dholavira has a rectangular shape and organization.Unlike [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]], the city was constructed to a pre-existing geometrical plan consisting of three divisions – the [[citadel]], the middle town, and the lower town. The acropolis and the middle town had been furnished with their own defence-work, gateways, built-up areas, street system, wells, and large open spaces.[[File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg|thumb|[[Rani ki vav|Rani ki Vav]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922/|title=Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903221619/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922|archive-date=2019-09-03|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref>]]

=== Māru-Gurjara architecture(11th to 13th CE) ===
{{main|Māru-Gurjara architecture}}
Māru-Gurjara architecture, Chaulukya style or Solaṅkī style, is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (or Solaṅkī dynasty).On the exteriors, the style is distinguished from other north Indian temple styles of the period in "that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and [[Kīrttimukha|kīrttimukhas]]. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main [[shikhara]] tower usually has many ''[[urushringa]]'' subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.
[[File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple]], 1248, rebuilt 2010]]
Examples of Chaulukya or [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]] include [[Taranga Jain temple]], [[Rudra Mahalaya Temple]], and [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Modhera Sun Temple]]. The [[Rani ki vav]] was also built during this period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/make-them-well-again-trying-to-save-gujarats-ancient-stepwells/article26553408.ece|title=Make them well again: trying to save Gujarat's ancient stepwells|last=Rahman|first=Azera Parveen|date=2019-03-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Indo-Islamic architecture ==
The first Muslim dynasty to rule large parts of Gujarat was the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in the 14th century. Gujarat would later be ruled by the Mughal empire, [[Gujarat Sultanate]], and several Muslim-ruled [[Princely state|princely states]] until 1947. Thus, [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] is found all over the state.

The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Maru-Gurjara architecture]] and employed them in [[mihrab]], roofs, doors, minarets and facades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LAMBOURN|first=ELIZABETH A.|title=A Self-Conscious Art? Seeing Micro-Architecture in Sultanate South Asia |date=2010|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25769695|journal=Muqarnas|volume=27|pages=121–156|doi=10.1163/22118993_02701007 |jstor=25769695 |issn=0732-2992}}</ref> In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of [[Minaret|minarets]]. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad]],<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000000400u00003000.html "The Shaking Minarets at Ahmedabad, drawn in 1809"], [[British Library]]</ref> which fell down in [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|an earthquake in 1819]]. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.<ref>Harle, 429-430</ref>

=== Delhi Sultanate ===
The construction during the [[Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate|rule of Delhi Sultanate in Gujarat]] continued earlier local architecture tradition which has reached in its pinnacle as [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Maru-Gurjara Architecture]]. The tradition continued in temples, mosques, residents and civic structures. The local tradition was modified and expanded to suit Islamic believes, rituals and practices. The construction of Islamic ritual buildings such as mosques were codified and standardised. Such codification is found in 15th century Sanskrit treatise, ''Rahmana-Prasada''. One such early example of mosque include the Jami Mosque in [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]] built in 1383-84.{{sfn|Patel|2004|pp=7-11}}

The notable mosques built during this period include Mosque of Al-Iraji at Junagadh (1286–87), Rahimat Mosque in Mangrol (1382-1383), Jami Mosque of Bharuch (1321), [[Jami Masjid, Khambhat|Jami mosque of Khambhat]], Bahlol Khan Gazi or Hilal Khan Kazi Mosque (1333) and Tanka Mosque (1361) in [[Dholka]]. The tomb of Al-Khazeruni in Khambhat was built in 1333.{{sfn|Patel|2004|pp=xi-xvi}}

=== Gujarat Sultanate ===
Under the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], independent between 1407 and 1543, Gujarat was a prosperous regional sultanate under the rule of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]], who built lavishly, particularly in the capital, [[Ahmedabad]], in its distinctive style of Indo-Islamic architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Historic City of Ahmadabad|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903221635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1551|archive-date=2019-09-03|access-date=2019-09-26|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> The sultanate commissioned mosques such as the [[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad]], [[Jama Mosque, Champaner|Jama Masjid at Champaner]], [[Jami Mosque, Khambhat|Jami Masjid at Khambhat]], [[Qutbuddin Mosque]], [[Rani Rupamati's Mosque|Rani Rupamati Mosque]], [[Sarkhej Roza]], [[Sidi Bashir Mosque]], [[Kevada Mosque]], [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque|Sidi Sayyed Mosque]], [[Nagina Mosque]] and Pattharwali Masjid, as well as structures such as [[Teen Darwaza]], [[Bhadra Fort]] and the [[Dada Harir Stepwell]] in Ahmedabad.

The [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], the 16th century capital of Gujarat Sultanate, documents the early Islamic and pre-[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] city that has remained without any change.<ref name="World2">{{Cite web|title=Champaner-Pavagadh|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006154345/http://worldheritagesite.org/sites/champaner.html|archive-date=6 October 2012|access-date=23 September 2012|publisher=Worldheritagesite.org}}</ref>

=== Mughal Empire ===
[[File:Hazira_Maqbara.jpg|thumb|[[Hazira Maqbara]], an example of Mughal architecture]]
Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of the architectural elements later found in [[Mughal architecture]], including ornate ''[[Mihrab|mihrabs]]'' and minarets, ''[[jali]]'' (perforated screens carved in stone), and ''[[Chattri|chattris]]'' (pavilions topped with [[Cupola|cupolas]]).

[[Mughal architecture]] in Gujarat includes the [[Hazira Maqbara]] in Vadodara,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parikh|first=Vibhuti|title=The Hajira: A Symbol of Emerging Mughal Power in Gujarat |date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156213|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=255–260|jstor=44156213 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> and [[Mughal Sarai, Surat|Mughal Sarai]] in Surat.

== British Colonial architecture (1858-1947 CE) ==
[[File:Prag_Mahal12.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Prag Mahal]], completed in 1879, was designed in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style by [[Henry Saint Clair Wilkins]].]]During the British colonial period, Gujarat was ruled by several princely states, the rulers of which designed elaborate palaces and public buildings. These were built in various Indo-European styles.

=== Gothic ===
Gothic buildings in Gujarat include the [[Prag Mahal]] designed by [[Henry Saint Clair Wilkins]].

=== Indo-Saracenic ===
The Indo-Saracenic buildings in Gujarat includes the [[Vijaya Vilas Palace]] in Mandvi, [[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]] and [[Nyay Mandir]] in Vadodara. The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Maharaja Sayajirao University]] was designed by [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]].

[[Rajmahal, Mehsana|Rajmahal]], a palace in [[Mehsana]] completed in 1904, is another example designed by the English architect [[Frederick William Stevens]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Sergeant|first=Philip W.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276073|title=The Ruler of Baroda: An Account of the Life and Work of the Maharaja Gaekwar|publisher=John Murray|year=1928|location=Albemarle Street, London|pages=226–229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aklekar|first=Rajendra B.|date=2017-04-22|title=A Sentimental Visit to Mumbai to See Her Great Grandfather's Magnificent Buildings|url=https://thewire.in/history/victoria-terminus-chatrapati-shivaji-terminus-mumbai-f-w-stevens|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The Wire|language=en|quote=court houses at Mehsana for the Gaekwads of Baroda.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=2003|title= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqtUAAAAMAAJ&q=Frederick+William+Stevens+Mehsana |journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects |publisher=The Indian Institute of Architects |page=28}} (Collection of Volume 68, Issue 1 - Volume 69, Issue 12)</ref>

== Post-Independence (1947 CE - present) ==

=== Modernist ===
[[File:ATMA_House_187.jpg|thumb|[[Mill Owners' Association Building]], designed by Le Corbusier, and completed in 1954..]]
[[Le Corbusier]], was invited to Ahmedabad in the 20th century by the mill owners to design their villas as well as some public buildings. The [[Sanskar Kendra]], [[Villa Sarabhai]], [[Villa Shodhan]], and [[Mill Owners' Association Building]] in Ahmedabad were designed by Le Corbusier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/living-in-a-cube-corbusier-designed-some-of-ahmedabads-most-iconic-buildings/|title=Living in a cube: Corbusier designed some of Ahmedabad's most iconic buildings|last=Ajay|first=Lakshmi|date=2015-08-23|website=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi|language=en-IN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930115256/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/living-in-a-cube-corbusier-designed-some-of-ahmedabads-most-iconic-buildings/|archive-date=2019-09-30|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>

American architect [[Louis Kahn]] designed the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":0" />

The Premabhai Hall, [[Tagore Memorial Hall]], and Institute of Indology in Ahmedabad were designed by [[B. V. Doshi]], an architect who worked under both Corbusier and Louis Kahn.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/an-architecture-for-india/article23009916.ece|title=An architecture for India: Balkrishna Doshi|last=Bhatia|first=Gautam|date=2018-03-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/07/arts/design/pritzker-prize-balkrishna-doshi.html |url-access=subscription |title=Top Architecture Prize Goes to Low-Cost Housing Pioneer From India|last=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=2018-03-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-01|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k73GtgEACAAJ |title=Atlas of Brutalist Architecture |date=2018-10-17 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=9780714875668 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of stepwells in Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|first=Alka|last=Patel|title=Building Communities in Gujarāt: Architecture and Society During the Twelfth Through Fourteenth Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBwissQ0_dcC&pg=PR11|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-13890-0|pages=xi-xvi, 3–20}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal|last1=Vasavada|first1=Rabindra|last2=Jain|first2=Tanvi|last3=Tayyibji|first3=Riyaz|date=1998|title=Evolving scenario of Architecture in Gujarat: an overview|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21243|journal=Seminar (India) Magazine|language=en}}
{{Architecture of India}}
{{Gujarat}}
[[Category:Gujarati culture]]
[[Category:Architecture of India]]

Architecture of Gujarat - Revision history

UpdateBot at 05:43, 23 June 2022