Ananyareddy at 22:42, 16 January 2026

2026-01-16T22:42:15Z

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[[File:Palm I IMG 2108.jpg|right|thumb|Supari Palm or Betelnut (''Areca catechu''). Kolkata, West Bengal.]]
[[File: A close up of Areca nut.JPG|210px|right|thumb|Dried [[areca nut]] or betel nut]]
'''[[Betel nut tree|Areca]] nut production in India''' is dominant in the coastal region within {{Convert|400| km}} from the coast line, and also in some other non-coastal states of India. [[Areca nut]] (''Areca catechu''), a tropical crop, is popularly known as '''betel nut''', as its common usage in the country is for mastication with [[betel]] leaves. It is a palm tree species under the family of [[Arecaceae]]. It has commercial and economic importance not only in India but also in China and Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}<ref name=Over>{{Cite web|url=http://crnindia.com/commodity/arecanut.html|title=Commodity: Areca Nut|access-date=31 May 2016|publisher=crnindia.com|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214205213/http://crnindia.com/commodity/arecanut.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Areca nut production in India is the largest in the world, as per [[Food and Agriculture Organization|the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO) statistics for 2017, accounting for 54.07% of its world output,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|title=Production / Crops:Areca nuts|access-date=30 November 2019|publisher=FAO|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is exported to many countries.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}} Within India, as of 2013–14, [[Karnataka]] produces 62.69% of the crop followed by [[Kerala]] and [[Assam]]; all three states together account for 88.59% of its production.<ref name=Stat/> In the other states of [[Meghalaya]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[West Bengal]], where it is also consumed, the crop is grown in a very small area. In Karnataka, in the [[Uttara Kannada District]] and [[Shivamogga District]] the crop is grown extensively<ref name=Over/>

==History==
[[File:10. Arecanut Palm at the Plantation.jpg|thumb|right|Arecanut plantation in [[Karnataka]]]]
Areca nut is not a native crop of India. It is generally believed to be native to Malaysia or Philippines where it is grown in many varieties. It is a tropical crop which grows from West Indies to the East Coast of Africa, and in Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and Malaya.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}<ref name=Over/> The practice of chewing the areca nuts is attributed to Vietnam and Malaysia. It was from Southeast Asia that the crop spread to Asia and India where it is cultivated as a cash crop. It is conjectured that ancient Indian literature provide information on betel nut and its mastication. The Indian [[Ayurveda]] texts also refer to the areca nuts as a traditional medicine.<ref name=Over/>

Its use in India is also noted from the pre-vedic period and was described by the word ''taamboola'' in ancient [[History of India|Indian civilization]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} It is extensively used in [[Hindu]] religious rites of birth, marriage, nuptial and is also offered to guests as a mark of hospitality. It is offered to gods in veneration in the form of ''taamboola'', which consists of one areca nut placed over two betel leaves.{{Sfn|Pramank|2004|p=44}}

Areca nut is extensively used as a masticator in south and southeast Asian countries, chewed with or without betel leaves. However, in India it has a special ethno-religious importance.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=86}}

==Varieties==
In India there are two varieties of areca nut, also called ''[[supari]]'' in [[Hindi language]]. One is the white variety and the other is the red variety. The white areca nut is produced by harvesting the fully ripe nuts and then subjecting it to sun drying for about 2 months. In the red variety the green areca nut is harvested, boiled and then its exterior husk is removed. Sometimes Arecanut is even grounded in the soil for fermentation purpose to enhance the taste preferably called as "Mojha Tamul" in Assam.<ref name=Over/>

==Production==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.4em 1em"
|+ Top 10 Areca nut Producing States in India (2019–20)
|-
!Rank
!State
!Area ('000 ha)
!Production ('000 tonnes)
|-
| 1 || [[Karnataka]] || 218.01 ||457.56
|-
| 2 || [[Kerala]] || 100.01 || 100.02
|-
| 3 || [[Assam]] || 68.04 || 89.00
|-
| 4 || [[Meghalaya]] || 17.11 || 24.68
|-
| 5 || [[West Bengal]] || 11.39|| 21.16
|-
| 6 || [[Mizoram]] || 10.14|| 6.05
|-
| 7 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 6.7 || 8.62
|-
| 8 || [[Tripura]] || 4.7|| 9.92
|-
| 9 || [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] || 4.23|| 5.88
|-
| 10 || [[Maharashtra]] || 2.2|| 3.58
|-
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|-
|colspan=5 | ''Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215173323/http://dasd.gov.in/images/kerala/pdf_files/ARECANUT_-_AREA_PRODUCTION_AND_PRODUCITIVTY_IN_INDIA.pdf]''
|}

[[File:Mysore Areca Nut മൈസൂർ അടയ്ക്ക പഴുത്ത് തുടങ്ങിയത്.JPG|right|thumb|Areca Nut in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]].]]
[[File:Areca-nut-top.JPG|right|thumb|Areca nut stem, sheaths and fruit bunches]]
[[File:Palm Fruit I IMG 2100.jpg|right|thumb|The areca nut fruit]]
In 1990–91 the area under areca nut plantation was {{Convert|208400| ha}} and production was 249,300 tonnes.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}} During 2013–14 its production was 729,810 tonnes from an area of {{Convert|445000| ha}}. In Karnataka, which leads the country in its production its production was 4,57,560 tonnes from an area of {{Convert|218010| ha}}. The details of state wise area and production are given in the Table for ten states.<ref name=Stat>{{Cite web|url=http://dasd.gov.in/index.php/statistics.html|title=Arecanut Area, production and productivity in India|access-date=31 May 2016|publisher=Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development}}</ref>

Areca nut, as a maritime species, is grown in areas of up to {{Convert|400| km}} inland from the coast of India at an elevation below {{Convert|1000| m}}. But its yield at higher elevations is not economical. Extreme climatic conditions, particularity of temperature, are not suitable for its growth; it thrives in areas with temperature range of {{Convert|14|-|36|C}}. It also grows in areas in Kerala and West Bengal where the temperature varies from a minimum of {{Convert|4| C}} to a maximum of {{Convert|40| C}}. Good rainfall conditions are essential for its growth, say a well distributed annual rainfall of more than {{Convert|2250| mm}}.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=83}} In well drained soils it can with stand rainfall of {{Convert|4000| mm}} for its growth. Where the rainfall is less, as in the case of Tamil Nadu with incidence of rainfall of about {{Convert|750| mm}}, irrigation facilities are mandatory. During the process of drying of the whole fruits or processed nuts sunshine requirement varies from 7 to 45 days.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}}

The plant grows in well drained, deep clay loamy soil; laterite, red loam and alluvial soils are considered most suitable. Areca nut farming, to achieve good yield, needs large application of organic manures and chemical fertilizers.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=13}}

The gestation period for the areca nut tree to yield fruits varies from four to eight years. Its life span is up to 60 years and in some cases even 100 years. [[Pollination]] takes place due to the effect of wind. The tree bears small creamy white flowers which have a strong scent. The fruit grows to a ripening stage in about 8 months. The tree bears bunches of fruits which are plucked manually.<ref name=Over/>

The type of diseases affecting the areca nut plant are: bud-rot, ''mahali'' (fruit-rot), yellow leaf disease, which need to be tackled by chemical spraying.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=13}}

Irrigation is an essential requirement (once a week) along with the land drainage throughout the year. Irrigation water is drawn from rivers or wells using pump sets.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=31}}<ref name=Over/>

The chemical composition of areca nut comprises 14 to 15% of fat, [[polyphenol]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[alkaloids]], [[polysaccharide]]s, a small amount of [[protein]], and [[vitamin B6]] and [[vitamin C]]. The fat, which is extracted by using organic solvents, is made up of mastic acid and its byproducts. The fat is mixed in a certain proportion with [[cocoa butter]] or [[coconut oil]], which is then used to make confectioneries and duplicate dairy products.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=84}}

The polyphenol (tannins) content varies from 38 to 47% in tender nuts and 15 to 22% in ripe nuts. Tannin, which is extracted from the nut, is used in foods as natural colouring agent, and also in the leather industry. Other minor constituents in the areca nut alkaloids, in terms of the total weight of the nut, is about 1.6%, which are comprise [[arecoline]], [[arecolodine]], [[arecaidine]], [[guvacine]], [[isoguvacine]], and [[govacolidine]]; the pharmacological and other uses of these alkaloids are as "antihelminithic, ophthalmic, antibacterial, antidiabetic."{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca nut husk is used to make many industrial products such as [[hardboard]], [[insulation wool]], cushions, paper, paper board and [[activated carbon]]. The chemical composition of the areca husk consists of 18.75% [[furfural|furaldehyde]] which when distilled produces 5.5% [[furfural]]; it also yields [[xylitol]].{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca leaf sheaths are used to make ply-boards. Other miscellaneous uses of leaf sheath are to make caps, eating bowls, vessels to keep [[palm wine]], and artifacts.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

In the past, plantation farmers practiced inter-cropping to make themselves safe economically, as the gestation period of the areca nut plant before it started yielding nuts was very long. It was also subject to plant diseases and pests. Natural disasters and inaccessible locations also added to the problem. However, with improvements in management practices, with better marketing facilities and good infrastructure and cooperatives, inter cropping is less practiced.{{sfn|Tejwani|2002|p=89}}

Areca nut cultivation is carried out according to farm management practices after studying different cost concepts. Costs include the value of hired human labour and hired and owned animal labour. As the nut is harvested five to six times in a year labour costs are high.{{Sfn|Giriappa|1994|p=31}}

The areca nut tree grows as a single stem, and has generally a height of about {{Convert|30|m}}. The fruit, which bears the nut, is orange coloured and is in the shape of an egg or oval shape; it holds a hard single seed.<ref name=Over/>

==Uses==
Areca nut and the plant as a whole is used widely in India and South Asia as: a masticator for chewing purposes, vegetable, medicine, stimulant, timber, fuel wood, clothing, wrapping, lubricant, tannin and so forth. The nut is chewed with the betel leaf as it has a stimulating effect.<ref name=Over/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last= Giriappa |first=S. |title=Arecanut Production and Marketing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWUApdcHnwsC|date=1 January 1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-45-7}}
* {{cite book|last= Pramank |first=A. K. |title=Accounting and Management : In Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7S1dbrbfwUC&pg=PA45|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-476-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Tejwani|first=K G |title=Agro Forestry In India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Vvv6rLcjs8C|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-918-6}}

{{Nuts}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Agriculture in India}}

[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]

Areca nut production in India - Revision history

Ananyareddy at 22:42, 16 January 2026