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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Arnala fort
|native_name =
|partof = [[Portuguese India]] 
|location =
|image = Arnala killa.jpg
|caption = Arnala fort bastion viewed through one of the fort's windows
|map_type = India Maharashtra
|coordinates = {{Coord|19.46577|72.73247|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|type = Indo-European style Sea fort
|code =
|built = 1516 AD
|builder = Sultan Mahmud Begda
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished = no
|condition = Protected Ruins
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby =
{{noflag}}[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] (1516-1530) 
{{flagcountry|Portugal|1707}} (1530-1737) 
{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}} (1737-1818) 
{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (1818-1857)
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British India]] (1857-1947)
{{flagcountry|India}}
|garrison = n/a
|current_commander = none
|commanders =
|occupants = n/a
|battles = 4
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}


'''Arnala Fort''' is built on a [[Arnala island|small island]] off the port town of [[Arnala]], located around 13 km (8 miles) north of [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |title=Friends of Forts |access-date=2009-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405125744/http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |archive-date=2009-04-05 }}</ref> Being an island fort, it is also called '''Jaldurg''' or '''Janjire-Arnala'''. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], who built the present fort, called the island ''Ilha das Vacas'' (Island of Cows).<ref name="portugal">{{cite book|last=Scholberg|first=Henry|title=Fortress Portugal in India|publisher=NorthStar Publications|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxhuAAAAMAAJ&q=arnala&dq=arnala&lr=&ei=OaSHSf2kFY_GlQTKkvC8Bg&client=firefox-a&pgis=1|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref>

== History ==

The island of Arnala, which has water on all four sides, belonged to Sultan Mahmud Begda of Gujarat.

The island was conquered by the Portuguese in 1530.

In 1737, after nearly two hundred years of Portuguese rule, the fort came under the control of the Marathas in 1737.

The fort was rebuilt by the first Bajirao.

In the middle of 1817, the fort came under the control of the British

In 1516 a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda, constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the [[Vaitarna river]]. In the 1530s the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area, headquartered at [[Bassein Fort|Fort Bassein]], and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of a {{convert|700|x|700|ft|m|adj=on}} fort. The nobleman never completed the fort. Still, it remained under Portuguese control for two centuries; they used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern [[Konkan]] coast.

During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, after a long struggle with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Maratha Confederacy]] came to dominate the region. In 1737 the then Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] sent his brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the [[Battle of Vasai]], his general, Shankarji Pant, persuaded Chimaji to launch an assault on Fort Arnala, for its strategic importance to the Maratha navy in assaulting Portuguese interests. Their first assault, coordinated with a Maratha naval force commanded by Govindji kasar & Manaji Agre, was routed by a superior Portuguese naval force. A second assault on the fort on 28 March 1737, caught the Portuguese by surprise and forced them to abandon the fort. The victory was commemorated by a plaque installed on the northern wall of the fort and is still visible today. The Marathas then rebuilt the fort, constructing three bastions Bahirav, Bhavani, and Bava.

The British captured the fort on 18 January 1781 during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=61}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Salbai]] nominally returned the Arnala and Bassien forts to the Marathas. The Marathas controlled the fort until 1817.

During the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], despite painstakingly defending the fort, the Marathas were finally forced to surrender the fort to the superior naval power of the British. The British formally regained the forts under the [[Treaty of Poona]].

Today the fort is in a state of disrepair.<ref name="coast">{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=A.V.H.|title=The Maritime and Coastal Forts of India|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1998|pages=43–44|isbn=81-7024-910-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k59aVCIlFB8C&pg=PA43&dq=arnala&lr=&ei=O6OHSfaEA4PKkQTV6t3uBQ&client=firefox-a#PPA43,M1|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref>

== Features ==
[[File:Arnala-fort-octagonal-reservoir.jpg|thumb|Octagonal water reservoir inside the fort.]]


=== Water Reservoir and Shrines ===
There is a large octagonal fresh water reservoir inside the fort.
Within its walls, are also the temples of Ambakeshwar, Bhavani and Shiva as well as [[Darga]]s (tombs) of Shah Ali and Hajji Ali. The 'paduka' or sacred sandals of Shrinity Anand are housed in a dome on the eastern face of the fort.

=== The Entrance ===
The main entrance of the fort faces approximately north. [[File:Arnala-fort-entrance.jpg|thumb|Main entrance as seen from North side.]]
The solid stone doorway is adorned with pictures of tigers and elephants. [[File:Arnala-fort-entrance-detail.jpg|thumb|Detail of images of Tiger and elephant on the entrance door.]]

=== Ramparts and Walls ===
The external ramparts are in a fairly good condition, and a roughly three-meter-wide path exists along the outer walls.
.<ref name="popular">{{cite book|last=Kantak|first=M.R.|title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1993|pages=150|isbn=81-7154-696-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA150&dq=arnala&ei=u6GHSblAlNyTBP_AiO8F&client=firefox-a|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref>

===Southern Watch Tower===
There exists a lone [[Martello tower]] about 550 meters from the main fort, on the southern end of the island. This tower has no entrance gate.
[[File:Arnala-fort-south-watch-tower.jpg|thumb|Martello tower on Arnala Island]]

== See also ==

*[[Bassein Fort]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Fort Arnala}}
* [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ Arnala Fort Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182933/http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ |date=3 March 2016 }} Pictures of Forts in Maharashtra
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010612161759/http://www.geocities.com/unitedit/places/Arnala/Arnala_fort.htm Arnala Fort Page] A Vasai Cultural Information Website in GeoCities.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528005146/http://arbit-raj.blogspot.com/2006/04/arnala-fort-trip.html Arnala fort Trip] A Blog Post on Arnala by a blogger.
* [http://www.timetotravel.co.in/2010/01/arnala-fort-jivdani-temple.html Arnala Fort & Jivdani Temple - * How to go, places to visit, things to do]
* [http://trekking95.blogspot.in/2015/01/virar.html Trekking Tourism - Virar - विरार - ویرار]

{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Maratha Navy]]
[[Category:Forts in Palghar district|Arnala]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:History of Vasai]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:1530s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Palghar district]]
[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]

Arnala fort - Revision history

Bot at 08:22, 15 June 2022