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{{Short description|British general and irrigation engineer (1803–1899)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Sir Arthur Cotton
| image = Arthur_Cotton.jpg
| caption = Sir Arthur Cotton
| birth_date = 15 May 1803
| birth_place = [[Combermere Abbey|Combermere]], [[Cheshire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1899|7|24|1803|5|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dorking]], [[Surrey]], England
| rank = [[General]]
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| battles = [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]
| branch = [[Madras Army]]<br>[[British Army]]
| relations =
}}
[[General]] '''Sir Arthur Thomas Cotton''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (15 May 1803 – 24 July 1899) was a British general and [[irrigation]] engineer.

Cotton devoted his life to the construction of irrigation and navigation canals throughout [[British India]]. He helped many people by building the [[Dowleswaram Barrage]] ([[Rajamahendravaram]]), the [[Prakasam Barrage]] and the [[K. C. Canal|Kurnool Cuddappah Canal (K. C. Canal)]]. His dream was only partially realised, but he is still honoured in parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] for his efforts.<ref>{{cite book
|title=General Sir Arthur Cotton his life and work
|last1=Hope
|first1=Elizabeth
|last2=Digby
|first2=William
|year=1900
|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton
|location=London
|page=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthu01digbgoog}}</ref> The Sir Arthur Cotton Museum has been built in his honour in [[Rajamahendravaram]], Andhra Pradesh. The museum holds approximately one hundred images and 15 machine tools that Cotton used when constructing the barrage in Andhra Pradesh from 1847 to 1852.

He entered the Madras Engineers in 1819 and fought in the [[First Burmese War]]. He was knighted in 1861. 

He was the father of the evangelist [[Elizabeth Cotton, Lady Hope|Elizabeth Hope]].

==Biography==
[[File:Sir Arthur Cotton Tombstone.jpg|thumb|Tombstone of Sir Arthur Cotton]]

Arthur Cotton was born on 15{{nbsp}}May 1803 at [[Combermere Abbey|Combermere]], the tenth son of Henry Calvely Cotton, uncle of the noted Field Marshal [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]],<ref name=Smithers>{{cite book|first=A.J.|last=Smithers|title=Honorable Conquests: An account of the enduring work of the Royal Engineers throughout the Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPHNAwAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1532-2|page=45}}</ref> and one of eleven brothers. In 1818, aged 15, he became a cadet at the [[East India Company]]'s [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|military seminary at Addiscombe, Surrey]]. He passed out in December 1819 and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Madras Engineer Group.

He started his career with the [[Ordnance Survey]] at [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], North Wales, in January 1820, where he was praised for his reports. In 1821 he was appointed for service in India, where he was initially attached to the [[Chief Engineer]] to [[Madras]]. He was later appointed as an Assistant Engineer to Superintending Engineer of the Tank Department.
[[File:Arthur Cotton 1900.jpg|thumb]]
Cotton conducted a marine survey of the [[Pamban]] passage between India and [[Ceylon]]. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1828, and was put in charge of investigation for the [[Cauveri]] Scheme. He started working to remove the soil settling in [[Kallanai Dam]] and with the model of the dam he built the Upper Dam in [[Cauveri]] in Mukkombu, near [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]]. He constructed the [[Lower Anaicut Dam]] in [[Anaikarai]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} The success of these projects paved the way for further important projects on the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River]]s.

Cotton recalled how, from analysing the Kallanai Dam and its foundations, his group learned how to construct foundations in a [[:wikt:sandbed|sandbed]]. In 1844, Cotton recommended the construction of an "anicut" (a dam made in a stream for maintaining and regulating irrigation)<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anicut Anicut | Definition of Anicut by Merriam-Webster], Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 30 March 2017.</ref> and prepared plans for [[Visakhapatnam]] port. In 1847, the work on the Godavari anicut was started.

In 1848 he proceeded to Australia due to ill health and handed over the charge to Captain Orr. In 1850 he returned to India and was promoted to the rank of colonel. He succeeded in completing the magnificent project on the Godavari river at [[Rajamahendravaram]] in 1852.
After completing the Godavari anicut Cotton shifted his attention to the construction of the [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] on Krishna River. The project was sanctioned in 1851 and completed by 1855. After completing the Krishna and Godavari anicuts, Cotton envisaged the storage of the Krishna and Godavari river waters.

In 1858, Cotton came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures for [[Odisha]]. Arthur Cotton retired from service in 1860 and left India. He was knighted in 1861. He visited India in 1862 and 1863 and offered advice on some river valley projects.

His work in India was much appreciated and he was honoured with KCSI ([[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]) in 1877. He became a much-revered figure in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] for his contribution in irrigating the area of land also known as [[Konaseema]].

Cotton died on 24 July 1899.

==Assessment==
[[File:Arthur Cotton aged 94.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aged 94]]
[[File:Arthur Cotton Statue.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Cotton at [[Hyderabad]]]]
Cotton was hated by his administrative superiors—thanks to his empathy for the people of India.<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102003/236.pdf ''Please refer to Gautam Desiraju's letter to Current Science'']</ref> At one point, impeachment proceedings were initiated by his superiors for his dismissal.<ref>Gautam Desiraju ''op. cit.''</ref>

Going through the famine and cyclone-ravaged districts of Godavari, Cotton was distressed by the sight of famished people of the Godavari districts.<ref>The District of Godavari: Before and After Arthur Cotton worked his Magical Change {{cite web|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no42011.htm |title=General Sir Arthur Cotton : His Life and Work/Lady Hope |accessdate=2006-11-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022155613/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no42011.htm |archivedate=22 October 2006}} p.77</ref> It was then that he put in process his ambitious plans to harness the waters of the Godavari river for the betterment of the community.

John Henry Morris in ''Godavari''<ref>Descriptive and Historical Account of Godavari District in Madras Presidency {{cite web|url=http://www.asianeds.com/adv_result.asp?fctype%3Dremarks%26fcategory%3DN%26heading%3DNew+Arrivals |title=New Arrivals |accessdate=2006-11-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710140445/http://www.asianeds.com/adv_result.asp?fctype=remarks&fcategory=N&heading=New%20Arrivals |archivedate=10 July 2007}} page 109</ref> writes about the work of Cotton:
<blockquote>The Godavari anicut is, perhaps, the noblest feat of engineering skill which has yet been accomplished in British India. It is a gigantic barrier thrown across the river from island to island, in order to arrest the unprofitable progress of its waters to the sea, and to spread them over the surface of the country on either side, thus irrigating copiously land which has hitherto been dependent on tanks or on the fitful supply of water from the river. Large tracts of land, which had hitherto been left arid and desolate and waste, were thus reached and fertilised by innumerable streams and channels.</blockquote>

In 1878, Cotton had to appear before a [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] Committee to justify his proposal to build an anicut across the Godavari.<ref>S. Gurumurthi in the Business Line [http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400650900.htm] Godavari: Still a sleeping beauty</ref> A further hearing in the House of Commons followed by his letter to the then Secretary of State for India reveals his ambition to build the anicut across the Godavari. His letter concluded: "My Lord, one day's flow in the Godavari river during high floods is equal to one whole year's flow in the [[Thames]] of London".<ref>Gurumurthi ''op. cit.''</ref> Cotton almost despaired at the British Government's procrastination in taking along this project.

According to Gautam Pingle, an Indian policymaker, the idea of interlinking of rivers in India to form a national water grid, an idea which had gained much attention from the Indian government and policy-makers at the turn of the 21st century, was in fact an idea that is more than 120 years old as it was first envisioned by Arthur Cotton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2003/07/16/stories/2003071601980900.htm|title=National water grid – A hundred-year-old plan|last=Reddy|first=Ch. Prashanth|date=16 July 2003|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>

===Legacy in India===
In recognition of Cotton's contributions, a new barrage constructed across the Godavari river, upstream of the anicut, was named after him, and dedicated to the nation by the [[List of Indian prime ministers|Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1982. He is revered in the Godavari District for making it the "rice bowl" of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/reappraising-the-raj/article19664266.ece|title=Reappraising the Raj|last=Babu|first=D. Shyam|date=2017-09-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is known as the "Delta Architect" of the Godavari District because of his pioneering work in irrigation engineering.

During the [[Godavari Maha Pushkaram]] festival of 2015, homages were paid to Arthur Cotton, with [[Nimmala Rama Naidu]], the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Pallakollu, offering [[Pinda (riceball)|pinda]] as per Hindu ancestral rites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=131189|title=యలమంచిలి రేవులో కాటన్ దొరకు పిండప్రదానం..|date=2015-07-19|website=www.andhrajyothy.com|language=te|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>

A statue of Arthur Cotton has been installed on [[Tank Bund Road, Hyderabad|Tank Bund Road]] in Hyderabad, along with statues of other heroes of the united Andhra state.<ref name=":0" />

== Major Works as an Engineer ==
[[File:Oldest Dowlaiswaram Dam constructed By.jpg|thumb|Oldest Cotton Dam constructed by Sir Arthur Cotton on Godavari river to control floods.]]
[[File:Dowleswaram Barrage.jpg|thumb|Sir Arthur Cotton Barrage in [[Rajamahendravaram]] on [[River Godavari]]]]
* The [[Godavari]] Canal System
* The Ganges Canal
* [[Sir Arthur Cotton Barrage]]

==See also==
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
*[[Charles Phillip Brown]], another westerner who is respected by Telugu people, an administrator and patron of Telugu
* Sir [[Sydney John Cotton]] (1792–1874), elder brother
* Rev. [[Richard Lynch Cotton]] (1794–1880), elder brother
* Dr. [[K.L. Rao]]
* Dr. [[K. Sriramakrishnaiah]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Elizabeth, Lady |last=Hope |title=General Sir Arthur Cotton: his life and work |location=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=1900 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Ch. Prashant Reddy in the Business Line |title=National water grid: A hundred-year-old plan |date=16 July 2003 |issue=Business Line |url=http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/07/16/stories/2003071601980900.htm |access-date=28 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013225919/http://www.blonnet.com/bline/2003/07/16/stories/2003071601980900.htm |archive-date=13 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |author=S. Gurumurthi in the Business Line |title=Godavari: Still a sleeping beauty |date=14 October 2002 |issue=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2002/10/14/stories/2002101400650900.htm }}
* {{cite journal |author=Avilash Roul |title=India's water future: are interbasin water transfers a solution? |journal=Eco-World |date=14 March 2006 |url=http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=383
|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019182913/http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=383 |archivedate=19 October 2006 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Gautam R. Desiraju |title=''Sir Arthur Cotton'' - Correspondence with Current Science |date=10 August 2003 |volume=85 |issue=3 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102003/236.pdf }}
* Hots, Susan. (2008). "Cotton, General Sir Arthur Thomas." in ''Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 2: 1830–1890''. pp. 195–199.{{ISBN|9780727735041}}.
*{{Cite book |first=H.M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note |place=Westminster |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1894 |pages=343–51 |url=https://archive.org/stream/addiscombeitsher00viba?ref=ol#page/342/mode/2up }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arthur Cotton}}
{{EB1911 poster|Cotton (family)}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Arthur Cotton |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=866}}
* [http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/people/COTT305.htm RootsWeb page on Sir Arthur Cotton]
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp09041 Marble bust of Sir Arthur Cotton]
* [https://archive.org/details/generalsirarthur01hope/page/n7 General Sir Arthur Cotton R.E. K.C.S.I. – His Life and Work by his daughter] (Lady Hope)
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=evwvAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22sir+arthur+cotton%22&cd=5#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Study of Living Languages] by Sir Arthur Cotton
* [https://archive.org/details/publicworksinin01cottgoog Public Works in India] by Sir Arthur Cotton
* [https://archive.org/details/arabicprimercon00cottgoog Arabic Primer] by Sir Arthur Cotton
* [http://librivox.org/arabic-primer-by-sir-arthur-cotton/ Arabic Primer (audiobook)] by Sir Arthur Cotton at [http://librivox.org/ LibriVox]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cotton, Arthur Thomas}}
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
[[Category:English engineers]]
[[Category:Europeans in India]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the First Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:Irrigation engineers]]
[[Category:Railway officers in British India]]
[[Category:Cotton family|Arthur]]

Arthur Cotton - Revision history

Bot at 19:22, 2 September 2022