>Certes at 01:02, 4 May 2021

2021-05-04T01:02:38Z

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Sir Arthur Havelock
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE}}
| image = Arthur Havelock.jpg
| order =
| office = President of Nevis
| term_start = 6 April 1877
| term_end = 1878
| predecessor = [[Roger Goldsworthy]]
| successor = [[Charles Spencer Salmon]]
| order2 =
| office2 = Governor of Sierra Leone
| term_start2 = 27 June 1881
| term_end2 = September 1884
| governor2 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor2 = Sir [[Samuel Rowe (colonial administrator)|Samuel Rowe]]
| successor2 = Sir Samuel Rowe
| order3 = 35th
| office3 = Governor of Trinidad
| term_start3 = 24 January 1885
| term_end3 = 1885
| predecessor3 = [[Sanford Freeling|Sir Sanford Freeling]]
| successor3 = [[William Robinson (Governor of Hong Kong)|William Robinson]]
| order4 =
| office4 = Governor of Natal
| term_start4 = 18 February 1886
| term_end4 = 5 June 1889
| monarch4 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| predecessor4 = [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer|Sir Henry Bulwer]]
| successor4 = [[Charles Mitchell (colonial administrator)|Sir Charles Mitchell]]
| order5 = 17th
| office5 = Governor of Ceylon
| term_start5 = 28 May 1890
| term_end5 = 24 October 1895
| predecessor5 = [[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore|Arthur Hamilton-Gordon]]
| successor5 = [[Edward Noël Walker]]<br/>(Acting governor)
| monarch5 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| order6 =
| office6 = [[Madras Presidency|Governor of Madras Presidency]]
| term_start6 = 18 March 1896
| term_end6 = 28 December 1900
| governor-general6 =
| predecessor6 = [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock|Lord Wenlock]]
| successor6 = [[Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill|Lord Ampthill]]
| order7 =
| office7 = [[Governor of Tasmania]]
| term_start7 = 8 November 1901
| term_end7 = 16 April 1904
| monarch7 = [[Edward VII]]
| predecessor7 = [[Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston|Viscount Gormanston]]
| successor7 = [[Gerald Strickland]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1844|5|7}}
| birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1908|6|25|1844|5|7}}
| death_place = Bath, Somerset, England
| nationality = British
| spouse = Anne Grace Norris
| relations = [[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock]] (uncle)
| alma_mater = [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE}} (7 May 1844 – 25 June 1908) was a career British colonial governor, serving as Governor of [[Sierra Leone]] from 1880, of [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], of [[Madras]], of [[Ceylon]] from 1890 to 1895, and of [[Tasmania]] from 1901 to 1904.

==Early life and family==
Havelock was born in 1844 in [[Bath, Somerset]], the fifth surviving son of Lieutenant-Colonel [[William Havelock]] and Caroline Elizabeth Chaplin, and the nephew of [[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock]]. The family moved to [[India]] in 1844, where his father commanded the [[14th King's Hussars|14th Light Dragoons]] but was killed in action at the [[Battle of Ramnagar]] on 22 November 1848. The Havelocks returned to England briefly, but settled in [[Ootacamund]] in 1850, where Havelock attended school until he completed his education in [[London]].<ref name="odnb">G. S. Woods, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33760 ‘Havelock, Sir Arthur Elibank (1844–1908)’], rev. Lynn Milne, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2004; online edn, Oct 2005, accessed 21 April 2008.</ref>

==Military career==
In 1860, Havelock entered the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], and on 14 January 1862 was gazetted an [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] in the [[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry]]. He was promoted [[First Lieutenant|Lieutenant]] on 10 April 1866, and was stationed at [[Gibraltar]] (1866–7), at [[Mauritius]] (1867–8), then at the [[Cape Colony]] (1868–72).<ref name="odnb" /> He returned to Mauritius in 1872 as the colony's [[paymaster]], and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] on 1 February 1873, serving as ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to Selby Smith, the acting governor, and later to the [[Governor of British Mauritius|Governor of Mauritius]], [[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore|Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon]].<ref name="odnb" />

Havelock held several key posts in the colonial civil service from 1874: Chief [[Civil Commissioner]] of the [[Seychelles]] (1874–75), and [[Chief Secretary (British Empire)|Colonial Secretary]] and [[Receiver General]] in [[Fiji]] (1874–75). He returned to England in 1876, and retired from the [[British Army]] as a captain in March 1877.<ref name="odnb" />

==Colonial service==
Havelock joined the colonial civil service upon leaving the army, and was sent to the [[West Indies]] in 1877 as [[List of colonial heads of Nevis|President of Nevis]]. In 1878, he was transferred to [[Saint Lucia]] as the colony's [[List of colonial heads of Saint Lucia|Administrator]], before returning to the [[Seychelles]] as Chief Civil Commissioner.

===Governor of Sierra Leone===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2016}}
In February 1881, Havelock was assigned his first governorship in [[Sierra Leone]] and the [[West Africa]]n settlements. In addition, he was appointed British consul to [[Liberia]], and became involved in a major border dispute between Liberia and [[Great Britain]].

The area in question was known as the [[Gallinas territory]], an area lying between the [[Sewa River]] and the [[Mano River]], and the vague border between Sierra Leone and Liberia had been unsettled for years. On 20 March 1882, Havelock led a flotilla of four British gunboats to the Liberian capital [[Monrovia]], issuing a demand that Liberia cede all territories up to the [[Mafa River]] to Great Britain, and pay an indemnity of £8,500 to British merchant traders for injuries inflicted in 1871 by tribes inhabiting the area of the British claim. A treaty was signed, but its ratification was refused by the [[Senate of Liberia|Liberian Senate]], and Havelock and his gunboats returned to Monrovia in September that year, demanding immediate acknowledgement of the British claims, and ratification of the treaty.

The senate refused once more, and although Havelock's diplomacy prevented a bloody conflict, British troops from Sierra Leone marched into the disputed territory several months later. Despite the support of the [[United States]], Liberia realised that resisting the British claim was futile, and signed the treaty in London on 22 November 1885.<ref>{{cite book |title=The United States and Africa: A History |last=Duignan |first=Peter |author2=Lewis H. Gann |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-33571-X |page=121 }}</ref> The border was finally settled in 1903 by a mixed commission from both countries.

===Governor of Trinidad===
In 1885, Havelock was appointed [[Governor of Trinidad]].

===Governor of Natal===
In 1886, Havelock became [[Governor of Natal]], where he dealt with the [[annexation]] of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] in 1887, and an unsuccessful rebellion led by [[Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo]] in 1888. He returned to England in 1889, and served on the international anti-slavery commission in [[Brussels]].<ref name="odnb" />

===Governor of Ceylon===
[[File:Arthur_Elibank_Havelock.jpg|thumb]]
In March 1890, Havelock was appointed Governor of Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]),<ref>[http://www.londongazette.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=26033&geotype=London&gpn=1592&type=ArchivedIssuePage London Gazette issue 26033, 14 March 1890]{{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref> where his actions included extending [[Rail transport in Sri Lanka|the country's railways]] to [[Kurunegala]] and [[Bandarawela]], and abolishing the 'paddy tax', a levy on rice cultivation.<ref>Michael W. Roberts: ''Grain Taxes in British Ceylon, 1832–1878: Problems in the Field'', ''The Journal of Asian Studies'', Vol. 27, No. 4 (Aug., 1968), pp. 809–834.</ref> He was also held in great esteem among the aristocracy of Sri Lanka, with two prominent families appointing him Godfather to the heirs of their leanage. One such Godson was the grandson son of Muadliya Solomnon Carolis de Fonseka while the other was the Son of Solomon Dias Bandaranaike. The de Fonseka family went onto naming their estate Havelock from its original name Katukele Greenlands, along with various parts of their large estate (now Havelocktown) after Havelock, these include Elibank road and Havlock Pass (now forming the bridge).

===Governor of Madras===
Havelock returned to his childhood home of India as [[Governor of Madras]] from 1896 to 1900.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

===Governor of Tasmania===
Havelock left Madras in 1901, and was offered the governorships of the [[Straits Settlements]] in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in [[Australia]], which he declined due to ill health caused by many stressful years in tropical climates. He was then offered the post of [[Governor of Tasmania]], which he accepted in May 1901,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27318 |date=28 May 1901 |page=3633}}</ref> arriving in [[Hobart]] to be sworn in on 8 November.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Tasmania |day_of_week=Saturday |date=9 November 1901 |page_number=8 |issue=36608}}</ref> His health, however, continued to decline and he made the decision to cut short his term as governor to only two-and-a-half years. He notified the premier, [[William Propsting]], of his resignation on 6 January 1904, and left [[Tasmania]] on 16 April.<ref name="adb">George B. Cartland, [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090231b.htm Havelock, Sir Arthur Elibank (1844–1908)], ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 228–229.</ref>

==Later life==
Havelock returned to [[England]], and retired to [[Torquay]], [[Devon]].<ref>{{cite DNB12|wstitle=Havelock, Arthur Elibank |first=Gabriel Stanley|last=Woods}}</ref>

On 15 August 1871, Havelock had married Anne Grace, née Norris, who died in early 1908.
Havelock himself died at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]] less than six months later on 25 June. He was survived by a daughter.<ref name="adb" />

==Honours==
* '''CMG''': [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] ''1880''
* '''KCMG''': [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] ''1884''
* '''GCMG''': [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] ''1895''
* '''GCIE''': [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] ''1896'' – after appointment as Governor of Madras
* '''GCSI''': [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] ''29 April 1901'' – for his services as Governor of Madras<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27309 |date=30 April 1901 |page=2945}}</ref>

[[Havelock Bridge|The Havelock Bridge]] spanning [[Godavari river]] at [[Rajahmundry]], [[India]] was named after him in the year 1900.<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan |first=Mukram |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/28023731@N04/7371646202/in/photostream |title=The Havelock Bridge Memorial Stone|website=Flickr |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy]]
| title=[[President of Nevis]] | years=1877–1878
| after=[[Charles Spencer Salmon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[William Des Vœux|Sir William Des Vœux]]
| title=[[Administrator of Saint Lucia]] | years=1878–1879
| after=[[Roger Goldsworthy|Sir Roger Goldsworthy]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Samuel Rowe (colonial administrator)|Sir Samuel Rowe]]
| title=[[Governor of Sierra Leone]] | years=1881–1884
| after=Sir Samuel Rowe
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Sanford Freeling|Sir Sanford Freeling]]
| title=[[Governor of Trinidad]] | years=1885
| after=[[William Robinson (Governor of Hong Kong)|William Robinson]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer|Sir Henry Bulwer]]
| title=[[Governor of Natal]] | years=1886–1889
| after=[[Charles Mitchell (colonial administrator)|Sir Charles Mitchell]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore|Arthur Hamilton-Gordon]]
| title=[[Governor of Ceylon]] | years=1890–1895
| after=[[Edward Noël Walker]]<br><small>''acting governor''</small>
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock]]
| title=[[Governor of Madras]] | years=1896–1900
| after=[[Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston]]
| title=[[Governor of Tasmania]] | years=1901–1904
| after=[[Gerald Strickland|Sir Gerald Strickland]]
}}
{{end}}

{{British Governor of Ceylon}}
{{Governors of Tasmania}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Havelock, Arthur}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Governors of British Trinidad]]
[[Category:Governors of Madras]]
[[Category:Governors of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Governors of Natal]]
[[Category:Governors of British Seychelles]]
[[Category:Governors of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:British Mauritius people]]
[[Category:Governors of British Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Governors of Nevis]]
[[Category:Colonial Secretaries of Fiji]]

Arthur Havelock - Revision history

>Certes at 01:02, 4 May 2021