Ajay Kumar at 05:04, 23 August 2023

2023-08-23T05:04:49Z

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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil =
| image = Starr 031209-0044 Artocarpus altilis.jpg
| image_caption = [[Breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'')
| taxon = Artocarpus
| authority = [[Johann Reinhold Forster|J.R.Forster]] & [[Georg Forster|G.Forster]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''''Artocarpus''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast [[Asia]]n and Pacific origin, belonging to the [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]] family, [[Moraceae]]. Most species of ''Artocarpus'' are restricted to [[Southeast Asia]]; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially ''[[Breadfruit|A. altilis]]'' (breadfruit) and ''[[Jackfruit|A. heterophyllus]]'' (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.<ref name = Zerega2005>{{cite journal| last = Zerega| first = Nyree J. C.|author2= Diane Ragone|author3= Timothy J. Motley| year = 2005| title = Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (''Artocarpus'', Moraceae)| journal = Systematic Botany| volume = 30| issue = 3| pages = 603–15| url = http://www.chicagobotanic.org/downloads/staff/zerega/Zerega_etal_2005_SysBot.pdf| doi = 10.1600/03636440yy54782134}}</ref>

== Description ==
All ''Artocarpus'' species are [[laticifer]]ous [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky [[sap]]. The flora type is [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] and produces unisexual [[flower]]s; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous [[fruit]], and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated [[Leaf|leaves]] vary from small and entire (''[[Artocarpus integer]]'') to large and lobed (''[[Artocarpus altilis]]''), with the cordate leaves of the species ''A. altilis'' ending in long, sharp tips.

==Taxonomy==
The name ''Artocarpus'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''artos'' ("bread") and ''karpos'' ("fruit"). This name was coined by [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] and [[Georg Forster|J. Georg Adam Forster]], a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS ''Resolution'' on [[James Cook]]'s second voyage; they used it in their book ''[[Characteres generum plantarum]]''. It is maintained as a [[conserved name]].

Although fossils of ''Artocarpus'' have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous, these fossils generally that lack key diagnostic characters such as that could definitively place them in the genus. The last common ancestor of all living ''Artocarpus'' likely originated in the vicinity of [[Borneo]], from which ''Artocarpus'' dispersed elsewhere in Asia and Oceania.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Evelyn W. |last2=Gardner |first2=Elliot M. |last3=Harris |first3=Robert |last4=Chaveerach |first4=Arunrat |last5=Pereira |first5=Joan T. |last6=Zerega |first6=Nyree J. C. |date=2017-01-10 |title=Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=119 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcw249 |pmid=28073771 |pmc=5458716 |issn=0305-7364}}</ref>

===Subgenera===
Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in ''Artocarpus'':
*Subgenus ''[[Artocarpus (subgenus)|Artocarpus]]'': Perianth of fruit is partially [[connation|connate]] (fused).
*Subgenus ''[[Pseudojaca]]'': Perianth is entirely connate.
*Subgenus ''Cauliflori''<ref name="NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University 2013">{{cite web | title=Species list – Zerega Lab | website=NUsites – A website publishing platform for Northwestern University | date=2013-01-15 | url=https://sites.northwestern.edu/zerega-lab/artocarpus-revision/158-2/ | access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>
Subgenus ''Pseudojaca'' is allied to the genus ''[[Prainea]]'', and some researchers treat this taxon as a fourth subgenus of ''Artocarpus''.

==== Extant species ====
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! Subgenus
! Image
! Scientific name
! Common name
! Distribution
|-
! rowspan="33" style="text-align:center;"| ''Artocarpus''
|[[File:Starr 060703-8343 Artocarpus altilis.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus altilis]]'' (Parkinson) Fosberg || Breadfruit, Seeded breadfruit, Sukun, Kolo, Rimas, Anubing || Oceania from New Guinea through the Indo-Malayan Archipelago to western Micronesia
|-
|[[File:Arto aniso T 070203 mncg.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus anisophyllus]]'' Miq. || Popwan, Entawak, Mentawa || Palawan (Philippines), Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus blancoi]]'' (Elmer) Merr. || Antipolo ||Philippines (Endemic)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus brevipedunculatus]]'' (F. M. Jarrett) C. C. Berg || ||Borneo
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus camansi 1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus camansi]]'' Blanco || Breadnut, Kamansi, Kluwih, Deeball || Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus corneri]]'' Kochummen || || Borneo (Sarawak)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus chama]]'' Buch.-Ham. || Chaplaish || Yunnan China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus elasticus]]'' Reinw. ex Blume || Benda, Bendo, Teureup, Malagumihan ||Burma, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus excelsus]]'' Jarrett || || Borneo (Sabah)
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus hirsutus fruit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus hirsutus]]'' Lam. || Anjily, WildJack, Jungle Jack, Angelin, Hirsute Artocarpus, Aini Maram, Aini || Western Ghats, India
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus hispidus]]'' Jarrett || || Peninsular Malaysia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus horridus]]'' Jarrett || || Maluku
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus jarrettiae]]'' Kochummen || ||Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus kemando]]'' Miq. ||Pudau, Pudu ||Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo
|-
|[[File:Keledang (2).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus lanceifolius]]'' Roxb.|| Keledang || Indonesia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus lowii]]'' King || || Peninsula Malaysia to Sumatera
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus maingayi]]'' King || || Borneo
|-
||| ''[[Artocarpus mariannensis]]'' Trécul || Dugdug ||Mariana Islands and Guam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus melinoxylus ]]'' Gagnep. || || Vietnam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus multifidus]]'' Jarrett || ||Philippines (Mindanao, Samar)
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus nobilis.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus nobilis]]'' Thwaites|| Ceylon breadfruit || south western regions of Sri Lanka
|-
| [[File:8158Marang Philippines Artocarpus odoratissimus 12.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus odoratissimus]]'' Blanco || Johey oak, Terap, Marang, Morangbaum ||Borneo, Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Island)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus obtusus]]'' Jarrett || || Borneo (Sarawak)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus pinnatisectus]]'' Merr. || || Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus rigidus]]'' Blume || Monkey jackfruit || Indochina and Malesia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus sarawakensis]]'' F.M.Jarrett ||Pingan, Mountain Terap || Sarawak
|-
| [[File:Artocarpus scortechinii1.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus scortechinii]]'' King||Two winged Artocarpus, Black Terap ||Malaysia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus sepicanus]]'' Diels || || New Guinea
|-
| [[File:Artocarpus sericicarpus 6zz.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus sericicarpus]]'' F.M.Jarrett|| Peluntan, Gumihan, Pedalai, Hairy Terap ||Borneo (Sarawak), Malaysia (Sabah), the Philippines (Mindoro), and Indinesia (Kalimantan)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus sumatranus]]'' Jarrett || ||Sumatra
|-
| [[File:Timbangan (Artocarpus tamaran) (8082540008).jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus tamaran]]'' Becc. ||Elephant Jack, Tamaran || Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus teysmannii]]'' Miq. || ||Nicobar Islands, Peninsula Thailand to W. New Guinea
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus treculianus]]'' Elmer ||Tipuho, Pakak, Kabaya, Togop, Tugup ||Batanes (Philippines)
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| ''Cauliflori'' (F.M. Jarrett) Zerega, Supardi, and Motley
| || ''[[Artocarpus annulatus]]'' Jarrett || ||Borneo (Sarawak)
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus heterophylla fruit 01.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'' Lam. || Nangka, Langka, Jackfruit || India, South East of Indian Subcontinent, China, Philippines
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus integer Fruit and Tree.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus integer]]'' (Thunb.) Merr. || Cempedak, Badak || southeast Asia, especially from Malaysia and can be found in Indonesia to the island of New Guinea, Palawan, Philippines
|-
! rowspan="30" style="text-align:center;"| ''Pseudojaca'' Trécul
| || ''[[Artocarpus albobrunneus ]]'' Berg || ||Borneo (Kalimantan)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus altissimus]]'' (Miq.) J. J. Smith || ||Peninsula Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus borneensis]]'' Merr. ||Tampang ||Borneo
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus dadah fruit.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus dadah]]'' Miq. ||Dadah, Tampang || Sumatra
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus fretessii]]'' Teysm. & Binnend. || ||Eastern Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus fulvicortex]]'' Jarrett || ||Malaya to Sumatera
|-
|[[File:Artocarpus gomezianus 16.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus gomezianus]]'' Wall. ex Trécul ||Sampang || Assam to W. Malesia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus gongshanensis]]'' S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang || || NW Yunnan, China
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus griffithii]]'' (King) Merr. ||Beruni, Selanking ||Southern China to Sumatra, Singapore and Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus humilis]]'' Becc. ||Beruni, Selanking ||Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus hypargyreus]]'' Hance ex Benth. || White Kwai Muk || China
|-
|[[File:Monkey Jack (Artocarpus lakoocha) 4.jpg|120px]] || ''[[Artocarpus lacucha]]'' Buch.-Ham. || Lakoocha, Monkey fruit || Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus lamellosus]]'' Blanco||Butong ||China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Hunan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus longifolius]]'' Becc. || ||Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus nanchuanensis]]'' S.S.Chang et al. || ||Chongqing (Nanchuan), China
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus nigrifolius]]'' C.Y.Wu || || S Yunnan (Jinping), China
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus ovatus]]'' Blanco || ||Philippines
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus parvus]]'' Gagnep. || Kwai muk ||South-East Asia, China
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus petelotii]]'' Gagnepain || ||China (SE Yunnan), N Vietnam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus pithecogallus]]'' C.Y.Wu || ||China (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus primackiana]]'' Kochummen || || Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus reticulatus]]'' Miq. || || Sulawesi to Maluku
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus rubrovenia]]'' Warb. || Kalulot ||Philippines
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus subrotundifolius]]'' Elmer || ||Philippines
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus styracifolius]]'' Pierre || ||China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, SW Hunan, SE Yunnan), Laos, Vietnam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus thailandicus]]'' C.C.Berg || ||N Thailand
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus tomentosulus ]]'' Jarrett || || NE Borneo
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus tonkinensis]]'' A.Chev. ex Gagnep. || ||China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Yunnan), Cambodia, N Vietnam
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus vrieseanus ]]'' Miq. || || Sulawesi to New Guinea
|-
| || ''[[Artocarpus xanthocarpus]]'' Merr. || ||Taiwan (Lan Yu), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippines
|-
|}
<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1013 |title=Species in GRIN for genus ''Artocarpus'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |access-date=April 6, 2010 |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network}}</ref><ref name=trop>{{ cite web |url=https://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40020327 |title=Name – ''Artocarpus'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref><ref name=ipni>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_genus=Artocarpus&find_rankToReturn=spec&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch |title=Query Results for Genus ''Genus'' |work=[[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]] |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref>

==Fossil record==
[[Fossil]] leaves and fruits of †''Artocarpus dicksoni'' have been found in [[Cretaceous]] formations of [[West Greenland]]. [[Fossil]] leaves of †''Artocarpus ordinarius'' have been found in [[Cretaceous]] [[stratum]] at the south bank of the [[Yukon River]] just above [[Rampart, Alaska|Rampart]], [[Alaska]].<ref>The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181–184 by Charles Arthur Hollick – 1 January 1936 – U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.</ref> Fossils of †''Artocarpus californica'' have been described from [[Eocene]] and [[Miocene]] [[strata]] of the [[Pacific]] coast of [[California]] and [[Oregon]].<ref>The Lower Ecene Floras of Southeastern North America by Edward Wilber Berry, Professional Paper – United States Geological Survey, The Survey, 1916</ref> 8 [[fossil]] species of ''Artocarpus'' (†''A. capellinii'', †''A. isseli'', †''A. macrophylla'', †''A. massalongoi'', †''A. multinervis'', †''A. ovalifolia'', †''A. sismondai'' and †''A. taramellii'') from the [[lower Oligocene]], have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and [[Sassello]] in Central [[Liguria]], [[Italy]].<ref>Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza – Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145–164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 – ISSN 0375-7633 – doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14</ref>

==Uses==
Several [[species]] in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: Breadfruit (''[[Artocarpus altilis]]''), Cempedak (''[[Artocarpus integer]]''), Jackfruit (''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]''), Kwai Muk (''[[Artocarpus parvus]]''), Lakoocha (''[[Artocarpus lakoocha]]''), Pudau (''[[Artocarpus kemando]]''), ''Anjily'' (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (''[[Artocarpus hirsutus]]''), Chaplaish (''[[Artocarpus chama]]''), and Marang (''[[Artocarpus odoratissimus]]'').

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, ''A. hirsutus'', is grown for fruit and [[timber]] in the [[Western Ghats]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume - Bendo, Terap.jpg|''Artocarpus elasticus'', Heritage Tree, Terap, Fort Canning, Singapore
File:Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis.jpg|Bark of Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis
File:Starr_030807-0064_Artocarpus_odoratissimus.jpg|Marang (''A. odoratissimus'') is in the ''Artocarpus'' subgenus.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]
{{Commons category|Artocarpus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Artocarpus}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|Artocarpus}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. ''Artocarpus'' (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, ''Artocarpus altilis''. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161085}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Moraceae genera}}

[[Category:Artocarpus| ]]
[[Category:Moraceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georg Forster]]

Artocarpus - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 05:04, 23 August 2023