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{{short description|India's first satellite}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Aryabhata
| image = Aryabhata Satellite.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = File photo of Aryabhata, India's first indigenously built satellite.
| mission_type = [[Astrophysics]]
| operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
| website =
| COSPAR_ID =
| Satcat =
| mission duration = Planned: 6 months <br /> Active till: {{time interval| March 1981 |19 April 1975 07:30|show=ymd|sep=,}}<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer =
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{Convert|360|kg|lbs}}<ref name=Brit/><ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| power = 46 watts<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| launch_date ={{start-date|19 April 1975, 07:30|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref name="launchlog">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Kosmos-3M]]<ref name="AB_URSC">{{cite web |title=Aryabhata |url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/experimental-satellites/html/aryabhata.jsp |website=URSC.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
| launch_site = [[Kapustin Yar]] [[Kapustin Yar Site 107|107/2]]
| launch_contractor =
| last_contact = {{end-date| March 1981}}<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| decay_date = 10 February 1992<ref name="AB_ISRO">{{cite web |title=Aryabhata |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |website=ISRO.gov.in |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>
| orbit_epoch = 19 May 1975<ref name="satcat">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=22 January 2014}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|563|km|mi}}<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|619|km|mi}}<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| orbit_inclination = 50.7 degrees<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>
| orbit_period = 96.46 minutes
| apsis = gee
}}

'''Aryabhata''' was [[India]]'s first [[satellite]],<ref name=Brit>"Aryabhata" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 611.</ref> named after [[Aryabhata|the famous Indian astronomer.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/aryabhata.aspx |title=Aryabhata - The first indigenously built satellite}}</ref> It was launched on 19 April 1975<ref name="Brit" /> from [[Kapustin Yar]], a [[Soviet]] rocket launch and development site in [[Astrakhan Oblast]] using a [[Kosmos-3M]] launch vehicle. It was built by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], and launched by the Soviet Union as a part of the Soviet [[Interkosmos]] programme which provided access to space for friendly states.

==Launch==
It was launched by India on 19 April 1975<ref name=Brit/> from [[Kapustin Yar]], a [[Russia]]n rocket launch and development site in [[Astrakhan Oblast]] using a [[Kosmos-3M]] launch vehicle. It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).The launch came from an agreement between India and the Soviet Union directed by [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao|UR Rao]] and signed in 1972. It allowed the USSR to use Indian ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching various different Indian satellites.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=The Japanese and Indian space programmes : two roads into space|date=2000|publisher=Springer [u.a.]|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=1-85233-199-2|page=133}}</ref>

On 19 April 1975, the satellite's 96.46-minute orbit had an [[Apsis|apogee]] of {{convert|619|km|mi}} and a perigee of {{convert|563|km|mi}}, at an inclination of 50.7 degrees.<ref name="satcat"/><ref name="AB_ISRO"/> It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics. The spacecraft was a 26-sided polyhedron {{convert|1.4|m|ft}} in diameter. All faces (except the top and bottom) were covered with solar cells.<ref name="AB_URSC"/> A power failure halted experiments after four days and 60 orbits with all signals from the spacecraft lost after five days of the operation.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} Spacecraft mainframe remained active till March 1981.<ref name="AB_ISRO"/> Due to orbital decay the satellite entered Earth's atmosphere on 11 February 1992.<ref name="AB_ISRO"/>

==Legacy==

*It was named after the 5th century astronomer and mathematician from India by Aryabhatta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Brian|title=The Japanese and Indian Space Programmes: Two Roads into Space|date=2000|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=1-85233-199-2|page=134}}</ref>
* The satellite's image appeared on the reverse of [[Indian 2-rupee note|Indian two rupee banknotes]] between 1976 and 1997 ([[Pick catalog]]).<ref name="AB_URSC"/>

<gallery class="center" heights="200px" mode=packed>
File:1984 CPA 5493.jpg|1984 [[Stamps of the Soviet Union|USSR stamp]] featuring [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara]]-I, Bhaskara-II and Aryabhata satellites
File:2 Rupees (Reverse) Aryabhata.jpg|Illustration of Aryabhata spacecraft on {{INR}}[[Indian 2-rupee note|2 currency bill]]
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aryabhata (satellite)}}
* [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/aryabhata.html NASA HEASARC Page].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020211065517/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/arybhata.htm Astronautix Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027104057/http://geocities.com/hari_ghk/arya.htm India in Space Page]
* [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp NSSDC Master Catalog Search]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 1975}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryabhata (Satellite)}}
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1992]]
[[Category:1975 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1975 in India]]
[[Category:India–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:First artificial satellite of a country]]
[[Category:Satellites of India]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975]]

Aryabhata satellite - Revision history

CleanupBot II at 18:22, 13 August 2023