>AryaGyaan at 06:15, 7 October 2021

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{{short description|Sanskrit astronomical treatise by the 5th century Indian mathematician Aryabhata}}
[[File:Description of Kuttaka in Aryabhatiya.jpg|thumb|
Reference of Kuttaka in Aryabhatiya
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Aryabhatiya''}}
'''''Aryabhatiya''''' ([[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|Āryabhaṭīya}}'') or '''''Aryabhatiyam''''' (''{{IAST|Āryabhaṭīyaṃ}}''), a [[Indian astronomy|Sanskrit astronomical treatise]], is the ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' and only known surviving work of the 5th century [[Indian mathematics|Indian mathematician]] [[Aryabhata]]. Philosopher of astronomy Roger Billard estimated scripture of book around 510 CE based on speculative parameters in text.

==Structure and style==
Aryabhatiya is written in [[Sanskrit]] and divided into four sections; it covers a total of 121 verses describing different moralitus via a mnemonic writing style typical for such works in India (see definitions below):

1. Gitikapada (13 verses): large units of time—kalpa, manvantra, and yuga—which present a cosmology different from earlier texts such as Lagadha's Vedanga Jyotisha (ca. 1st century BCE). There is also a table of [sine]s (jya), given in a single verse. The duration of the planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32 million years.

2. Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration (kṣetra vyāvahāra); arithmetic and geometric progressions; gnomon/shadows (shanku-chhAyA); and simple, quadratic, simultaneous, and indeterminate equations ([[Kuṭṭaka]]).

3. Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a method for determining the positions of planets for a given day, calculations concerning the intercalary month (adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the days of week.

4. Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc.

It is highly likely that the study of the ''Aryabhatiya'' was meant to be accompanied by the teachings of a well-versed tutor. While some of the verses have a logical flow, some do not, and its unintuitive structure can make it difficult for a casual reader to follow.

Indian mathematical works often use word numerals before Aryabhata, but the ''Aryabhatiya'' is the oldest extant Indian work with Devanagari numerals. That is, he used letters of the Devanagari alphabet to form number-words, with consonants giving digits and vowels denoting place value. This innovation allows for advanced arithmetical computations which would have been considerably more difficult without it. At the same time, this system of numeration allows for poetic license even in the author's choice of numbers. ''Cf. [[Aryabhata numeration]], the Sanskrit numerals.''

==Contents==

The ''Aryabhatiya'' contains 4 sections, or ''Adhyāyās''. The first section is called '''Gītīkāpāḍaṃ''', containing 13 slokas. ''Aryabhatiya'' begins with an introduction called the "Dasageethika" or "Ten Stanzas." This begins by paying tribute to [[Brahman]] (''not Brāhman''), the "Cosmic spirit" in Hinduism. Next, Aryabhata lays out the numeration system used in the work. It includes a listing of astronomical constants and the sine table. He then gives an overview of his astronomical findings.

Most of the mathematics is contained in the next section, the "Ganitapada" or "Mathematics."

Following the Ganitapada, the next section is the "Kalakriya" or "The Reckoning of Time." In it, Aryabhata divides up days, months, and years according to the movement of celestial bodies. He divides up history astronomically; it is from this exposition that a date of AD 499 has been calculated for the compilation of the ''Aryabhatiya''.<ref>{{cite book|author=B. S. Yadav|title=Ancient Indian Leaps Into Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwrw0Lv1vXIC&pg=PA88|access-date=24 June 2012|date=28 October 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-8176-4694-3|page=88}}</ref> The book also contains rules for computing the longitudes of planets using [[Eccentricity (mathematics)|eccentrics]] and [[epicycle]]s.

In the final section, the "Gola" or "The Sphere," Aryabhata goes into great detail describing the celestial relationship between the Earth and the cosmos. This section is noted for describing the [[Earth's rotation|rotation of the Earth]] on its axis. It further uses the [[armillary sphere]] and details rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipses.

==Significance==

The treatise uses a [[geocentric]] model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by [[epicycle]]s which in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found in the ''Paitāmahasiddhānta'' (ca. AD 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller ''manda'' (slow) epicycle and a larger ''śīghra'' (fast) epicycle.<ref>[[David Pingree]], "Astronomy in India", in Christopher Walker, ed., ''Astronomy before the Telescope'', (London: British Museum Press, 1996), pp. 127-9.</ref>

It has been suggested by some commentators, most notably [[B. L. van der Waerden]], that certain aspects of Aryabhata's geocentric model suggest the influence of an underlying heliocentric model.<ref name=Waerden87>{{cite journal|last=van der Waerden|first=B. L.|title=The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|date=June 1987|volume=500|pages=525–545|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x|quote=It is based on the assumption of epicycles and eccenters, so it is not heliocentric, but my hypothesis is that it was based on an originally heliocentric theory.|bibcode=1987NYASA.500..525V}}</ref><ref name="Thurston96">{{Cite book|title=Early Astronomy|author=Hugh Thurston|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=1996|isbn=0-387-94822-8|page=188|quote=Not only did Aryabhata believe that the earth rotates, but there are glimmerings in his system (and other similar systems) of a possible underlying theory in which the earth (and the planets) orbits the sun, rather than the sun orbiting the earth. The evidence is that the basic planetary periods are relative to the sun.}}</ref> This view has been contradicted by others and, in particular, strongly criticized by [[Noel Swerdlow]], who characterized it as a direct contradiction of the text.<ref name=Plofker09>{{cite book|last=Plofker|first=Kim|title=Mathematics in India|title-link= Mathematics in India |year=2009|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton|isbn=9780691120676|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6nPfpOIUyAEC&pg=PA111 111]}}</ref><ref name=Swerdlow73>{{cite journal|last=Swerdlow|first=Noel|title=A Lost Monument of Indian Astronomy|journal=Isis|date=June 1973|volume=64|issue=2|pages=239–243|quote=Such an interpretation, however, shows a complete misunderstanding of Indian planetary theory and is flatly contradicted by every word of Aryabhata's description.|doi=10.1086/351088}}</ref>

However, despite the work's geocentric approach, the ''Aryabhatiya'' presents many ideas that are foundational to modern astronomy and mathematics. Aryabhata asserted that the Moon, planets, and [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterisms]] shine by reflected sunlight,<ref name=Hayashi08Aryabhata>Hayashi (2008), "Aryabhata I", ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref><ref>''Gola'', 5; p. 64 in [https://archive.org/stream/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930#page/n93/mode/2up ''The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhata: An Ancient Indian Work on Mathematics and Astronomy''], translated by [[Walter Eugene Clark]] (University of Chicago Press, 1930; reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2006). "Half of the spheres of the Earth, the planets, and the asterisms is darkened by their shadows, and half, being turned toward the Sun, is light (being small or large) according to their size."</ref> correctly explained the causes of eclipses of the Sun and the Moon, and calculated values for π and the length of the [[sidereal year|sidereal]] year that come very close to modern accepted values.

His value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days 6 hours 12 minutes 30 seconds is only 3 minutes 20 seconds longer than the modern scientific value of 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 10 seconds. A close approximation to π is given as: "Add four to one hundred, multiply by eight and then add sixty-two thousand. The result is approximately the circumference of a circle of diameter twenty thousand. By this rule the relation of the circumference to diameter is given." In other words, π ≈ 62832/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.

In this book, the day was reckoned from one sunrise to the next, whereas in his "Āryabhata-siddhānta" he took the day from one midnight to another. There was also difference in some astronomical parameters.


==Influence==
Most notable Indian mathematicians writing after the compilation of the Aryabhata wrote commentaries on it. At least twelve notable commentaries were written for the ''Aryabhatiya'' ranging from Aryabhata's lifetime (c. 525) through 1900 ("Aryabhata I" 150-2). The commentators include [[Bhāskara I]] and [[Brahmagupta]], among other notables.

The estimate of the diameter of the Earth in the ''Tarkīb al‐aflāk'' of [[Yaqūb ibn Tāriq]], of 2,100 farsakhs, appears to be derived from the estimate of the diameter of the Earth in the ''Aryabhatiya'' of 1,050 yojanas.<ref name=pingree97>pp. 105-109, {{cite journal|last=Pingree|first=David|year=1968|title=The Fragments of the Works of Yaʿqūb Ibn Ṭāriq|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=27|issue=2|doi=10.1086/371944|pages=97–125|jstor=543758}}</ref>

The work was translated into Arabic around 820 by [[Al-Khwarizmi]], whose ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' was in turn influential in the adoption of the [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]] in Europe from the 12th century.

Aryabhata's methods of astronomical calculations have been in continuous use for practical purposes of fixing the [[Panchangam]] (Hindu calendar).

==See also==

*[[Aryabhata's sine table]]
*[[Indian astronomy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*William J. Gongol. [http://www.gongol.com/research/math/aryabhatiya ''The Aryabhatiya: Foundations of Indian Mathematics''.] [[University of Northern Iowa]].
*Hugh Thurston, "The Astronomy of Āryabhata" in his ''Early Astronomy'', New York: Springer, 1996, pp. 178–189. {{ISBN|0-387-94822-8}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Aryabhata_I|title=Aryabhata}} [[University of St Andrews]].

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930#page/n1/mode/2up ''The Āryabhaṭīya'' by Āryabhaṭa] (translated into English by [[Walter Eugene Clark]], 1930) hosted online by the [[Internet Archive]]

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryabhatiya}}
[[Category:Astronomy books]]
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category:5th-century books]]
[[Category:499]]
[[Category:Astrological texts]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian astronomical works]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian mathematical works]]

Aryabhatiya - Revision history

>AryaGyaan at 06:15, 7 October 2021