>Cewbot at 18:23, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T18:23:14Z

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{{Indic glyph |letname = Au |previousletter = O |nextletter = Ka


|devacp = 0914 |deva2cp = 094C |devaimg = Devanagari au.svg |deva2img = Devanagari au sign.png
|bengcp = 0994 |beng2cp = 09CC |bengimg = Bengali Letter Au.svg

|gurucp = 0A14 |gujrcp = 0A94 |oryacp = 0B14 |tamlcp = 0B94 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஔஔ.svg
|guru2cp = 0A4C |gujr2cp = 0ACC |orya2cp = 0B4C |taml2cp = 0BCC

|telucp = 0C14 |kndacp = 0C94 |mlymcp = 0D14 |sinhcp = 0D96 |mymrcp = 102A |khmrcp = 17B3
|telu2cp = 0C4C |knda2cp = 0CCC |mlym2cp = 0D4C |sinh2cp = 0DDE |khmr2cp = 17C5

|talecp = 196C
|limbcp = 1926

|balicp = 1B12 |saurcp = A891
|bali2cp = 1B41 |saur2cp = A8C3

|rjngcp = A94C |chamcp = AA31 |tavtcp = AABB |mteicp = AAEE

|kthicp = 1108C |shrdcp = 11190 |khojcp = 11207 |sindcp = 112B9 |grancp = 11314
|kthi2cp = 110B8 |cakmcp = 1112F |shrd2cp = 111BF |khoj2cp = 11233 |sind2cp = 112E8 |gran2cp = 1134C

|tirhcp = 1148E |siddcp = 1158D |modicp = 1160D |takrcp = 11689
|tirh2cp = 114BE |sidd2cp = 115BB |modi2cp = 1163C |takr2cp = 116B5

|brahcp = 11012 |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka au.svg | guptaimg = Gupta allahabad au.svg |brahletname = Brahmi 'Au'
|brah2cp = 11045 |ashoka2img = Brahmi au sign.svg |kushana2img = Kushana Brahmi au sign.png |gupta2img = Gupta Brahmi au sign.png |brah2letname = Brahmi 'Au' sign

|tochimg = |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham au.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Au'
|sidd2img = Siddham au halfmark 1.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'Au'

|ipa = aʊ |iast = au |iscii = B1 |iscii2 = E6


|newacp = 1140D |dogrcp = 11809 |nandcp = 119AD |bhkscp = 11C0D |gonmcp = 11D0B |gongcp = 11D6B
|newa2cp = 11441 |dogr2cp = 11836 |nand2cp = 119DD |zanbcp = 11A08 |soyo2cp = 11A58 |bhks2cp = 11C3B |gonm2cp = 11D3F |gong2cp = 11D94


}}

'''Au''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Au is derived from the middle "[[Kushana]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Gupta ashoka au.svg|13px|ng]], and the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad au.svg|13px]]. As an Indic vowel, Au comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ौ sign was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|16}}, but the vowel letter औ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Au==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Au was not found in the earliest forms of [[Brahmi]], but was found in the more flowing forms the Kushana [[Image:Gupta ashoka au.svg|13px|Au]] and Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad au.svg|13px|Au]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Au [[Image:Tocharian letter au.gif|18px|Au]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Au are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Au===

The Brahmi letter Au, is based on the [[O (Indic)#Brahmi O|letter O]] which was [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Waw (letter)|Waw]] [[File:Waw.svg|13px]]. That would make it related to the modern Latin [[F]], [[V]], [[U]], [[W]], [[Y]] and Greek [[Upsilon]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Au can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but only being found in later styles, the reference form of Brahmi Au is back-formed from later styles to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Au historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
|  ||  || [[Image:Gupta ashoka au.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat au.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad au.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Au===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter au.gif|25px|Au]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Gupta ashoka au.svg|13px|Au]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Au vowel marks
|-
! Kau !! Khau !! Gau !! Ghau !! Cau !! Chau !! Jau !! Jhau !! Nyau !! Ṭau !! Ṭhau !! Ḍau !! Ḍhau !! Ṇau
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter gau.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter cau.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter jau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter jhau.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ttau.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter ddau.gif|37px]] ||  || 
|-
! Tau !! Thau !! Dau !! Dhau !! Nau !! Pau !! Phau !! Bau !! Bhau !! Mau !! Yau !! Rau !! Lau !! Vau
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter phau.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter bhau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter mau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter rau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter lau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vau.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śau !! Ṣau !! Sau !! Hau
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter hau.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Au===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Au is indicated with the [[O (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī O|O]] vowel mark [[File:Буква O (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign O.svg|15px|Au]] plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Au is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Au==
{{main|Devanagari au}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari au.svg
| alt1 = Au vowel
| image2 = Devanagari au sign.png
| alt2 = Au vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Au and Au vowel sign.
}}
'''Au''' ('''ओ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi au.svg|13px|Au]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad au.svg|13px|Au]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઔ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘍.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, ओ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|au|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali Au==
{{main|au (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter {{#if:au|{{#invoke:string2|title|au}}}}.svg
| alt1 = Au vowel
| image2 = Bengali {{#if:au|{{#invoke:string2|title|au}}}} vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Au vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Au and Au vowel sign.
}}

'''Au''' ('''ঔ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham au.svg|13px|Au]], and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ओ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ঔ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|au|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati Au==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Au.svg
| alt1 = Au vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Au.svg
| alt2 = Au vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Au and Au vowel sign.
}}
'''Au''' ('''ઔ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Au [[Image:Devanagari au.svg|13px|au]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi au.svg|13px|au]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઔ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|au|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Javanese Au==
{{main|Au (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Au==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Au.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Au
| image2 = Telugu Au vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Au
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Au.
}}
'''Au''' ('''ఔ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi au.svg|13px|Au]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಔ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

[[File:Telugu Au matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Au vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kau, Khau, Gau, Ghau and Ngau. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.]]

==Malayalam Au==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Au.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Au
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Au.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Au
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Au.
}}
'''Au''' ('''ഔ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi au.svg|13px|Au]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Au.svg|x15px|Au]] ''au''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

==Odia Au==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel au.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Au
| image2 = Odia vowel sign au.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Au
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Au.
}}
'''Au''' ('''ଔ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi au.svg|13px|Au]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham au.svg|x15px|Au]] ''au''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Au (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Au Indic - Revision history

>Cewbot at 18:23, 13 April 2021