https://indianpedia.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ayn_al-Mulk_MahruAyn al-Mulk Mahru - Revision history2026-07-31T07:57:45ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.45.4https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Ayn_al-Mulk_Mahru&diff=488528&oldid=prevShai0778 at 09:17, 12 April 20262026-04-12T09:17:34Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Delhi Sultanate official (died 1362)}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = <br />
| office1 = Governor of [[Awadh]]<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| term_start1 = {{circa|1338}}<br />
| term_end1 = 1341<br />
| predecessor2 = Imad-ul-Mulk Sartez<br />
| monarch1 = [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]]<br />
| 2blankname = <br />
| 2namedata = <br />
| monarch2 = [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]<br />
| office2 = Governor of [[Multan]] and [[Siwistan]]<br />
| successor2 = Malik Mardan Daulat<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 1362<br />
| death_place = [[Multan]], Delhi Sultanate<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = <br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = <br />
| rank = <br />
| battles = <br />
| awards = <br />
| term_start2 = 1350 {{en dash}} 1351; 1352<br />
| term_end2 = 1362<br />
| service_years = <br />
}}'''‘Ayn al-Din Abdullah bin Mahru''' (died 1362), better known by his title '''‘Ayn al-Mulk''', was an official of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] serving during the reign of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] and [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. He is perhaps best known for the collection of his letters known as ''Insha-i-Mähru''.<br />
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Ayn al-Mulk was an [[Indian Muslim]]. His father Mahru was a convert to Islam; Ayn al-Mulk himself was probably born in [[Multan]], Punjab.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=329}}{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|p=83}} He first gained prominence under Muhammad ibn Tughlaq (1325–1351) who appointed him to the governorship ([[Iqta'#Mamluk sultanate of Delhi|Iqta']]) of [[Awadh]], where he put down a rebellion at [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] in 1338. According to [[Ibn Battuta]], the [[Khurasani|Khurasanis]] and the [[Emir|Amirs]] of foreign extraction feared him greatly since he was a [[Hindustan|Hindi]] (Indian) and able Hindis were displeased with the foreigners.{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|p=83}} <br />
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Ayn al-Mulk brought stability in Awadh with remarkable ability, and soon a number of nobles discontented with Sultan fled to him from [[Delhi]], attracted by Awadh's prosperity and Ayn al-Mulk's mild government. This displeased the Sultan who decided to transfer him to [[Deccan]], as well as demanded to hand over the rebel nobles. Ayn al-Mulk considered this an attempt to dispose him from power and rebelled in 1341. Hearing the news Sultan hurriedly went with his army to [[Kannauj|Qannauj]] where he defeated and captured Ayn al-Mulk when one of Ayn al-Mulk's amirs betrayed him. He was brought to Delhi and was subjected to humiliation for two and half a year, before being pardoned and appointed the superintendent of the royal gardens.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=534–536}} <br />
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In 1350 Ayn al-Mulk was appointed to Multan.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=270–271}} He was recalled to Delhi by Firuz Shah (1351–1388) after the death of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and given the post of ''Mushrif'', who was in charge of collecting taxes.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=615–616}} Soon however he came in conflict with the vizier [[Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Telangani|Khan-i-Jahan]] and the relations between the two deteriorated to such an extent that Firuz Shah dismissed Ayn al-Mulk and sent him to govern the provinces of Multan, [[Siwistan]] and [[Bukkur|Bhakkar]] in 1352. As Ayn al-Mulk refused to work under Khan-i-Jahan, the provinces handed to him were made directly accountable to sultan.{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|pp=615–616}} He remained there until his death in about 1362.{{Sfn|Rashid|1964|pp=100–102}}<br />
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Ayn al-Mulk's life and events have been frequently confused by both medieval and modern writers with that of [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]]; modern research holds both to be different individuals belonging to the different generations.{{Sfn|Siddiqui|2012|pp=105–106}} Ayn al-Mulk has left a collection of his 133 private letters and official documents compiled sometimes before 1360, which are a valuable source for the cultural history and administrative structure of the Delhi Sultanate during the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq period]].{{Sfn|Saksena|Nizami|Habib|1970|p=1177}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |title= Insha-i-Mähru or Tarassul-i-'Ain ul-Mulk of 'Ain ul-Mulk Mähru|last=Rashid |first=Sheikh Abdur |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Research_Society_of_Pakis/dWE8AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gl=PK |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |date=1964 |language=en |volume= 1|issue= 1|pages=79–109 |oclc=1641070}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Peter |last=Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA174 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}<br />
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Siddiqui |first=I. H. |title=ʿAyn al-Mulk Multānī |date=2012|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_8372 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8372|url-access=subscription }} <br />
* {{cite book |author-first1=Banarsi Prasad |author-last1= Saksena |author-link1=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-first2= Khaliq Ahmad |author-last2=Nizami |author-link2= Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|author-first3=Mohammad |author-last3=Habib |author-link3=Mohammad Habib|chapter=The Tughluqs |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |series=A Comprehensive History of India|title=The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12483/page/n6/mode/1up?q=Mahru|oclc=31870180 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |chapter=4. Administrative Consolidation in the Delhi Sultanate: Evidence from a Collection of Letters |date=2023 |title=Situating Medieval India: Polity, Society and Culture |pages=84–109 |url= |access-date= |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781805431473-006 |isbn=978-1-80543-147-3}}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Insha-yi Mahru, musshi'at-i "Ayn al-Din "Ayn al-Mulk" Abd Allah bin Mahru|editor=Prof. Sh. ‘Abdur Rashid|publisher=Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab|date=1965|url= https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/insha-e-mahru-ebooks|language=Persian|via= [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]|oclc=844529945}}<br />
[[Category:1362 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century Indian Muslims]]</div>Shai0778