KellyeZimmermann at 13:06, 27 June 2024

2024-06-27T13:06:45Z

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{{Italic title}}
'''Bījapallava''' (or '''Bījapallavaṃ''') is a commentary in [[Sanskrit]] of [[Bhaskara II]]'s [[Bijaganita|Bījagaṇita]] composed by the 16th-17th century astrologer-mathematician [[Kṛṣṇa Daivajña]]. This work is also known by several other names: ''Kalpālatāvatāra'', ''Bījānkura'' and ''Nāvāakura''. A manuscript of the work, copied in 1601, has survived to the present day indicating that the work must have been composed earlier than 1601.<ref name="Kuppuswami">{{cite book |last1=Sita Sundar Ram |title=Bijapallava of Kṛṣṇa Daivajña: Algebra in Sixteenth Century India, a Critical Study |date=2012 |publisher=The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute |location=Chennai |url=https://archive.org/details/eWjy_bija-pallava-of-krishna-daivajna-algebra-in-sixteenth-century-india-a-critical-s/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref> The ''Bījapallava'' commentary is written in prose. Commentaries composed in prose, since they are not constrained by considerations of conforming to a particular meter, generally contain more information, more detailed explanations and often original material not found in the work on which the commentary is written. ''Bījapallava'' also follows this general pattern.<ref name=Kuppuswami/> [[T. Hayashi]], a Japanese historian of Indian mathematics, in his forward to the critical edition of ''Bījapallava'', writes:
:". . . he [Kṛṣṇa Daivajña] goes on to discuss the mathematical contents in great detail, giving proofs (upapattis) for the rules and step-by-step solutions for the examples; but when the solution is easy, he merely refers to Bhaskara's auto-commentary. His discussions, often in the form of disputations between an imaginary opponent and himself, go deep into the nature of important mathematical concepts such as negative quantity, zero and unknown quantity, into the raison d'être of particular steps of the algorithms, and into various conditions for solubility of the mathematical problems treated in the Bijaganita."<ref name="Kuppuswami"/>

The general style of the commentary can be summarized thus. For each stanza of the original text, the commentator gives explanations of the words used in the stanza, then the derivations of the word, synonyms and syntactic combinations of the word are given. He also gives alternate readings of the text and points out which one of them is preferable. What is of greatest interest to historians of mathematics is that he also gives detailed proofs of the rules enunciated in the original text and the detailed step-by-step solutions of the illustrative examples. This has helped translators of ''Bījagaṇita'' to understand the real import of the various rules stated therein. For example, [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke|H. T. Colebrooke]] while translating ''Bījagaṇita'' has extensively referred to ''Bījapallava'' seeking additional clarifications.<ref>{{cite book |last1=H. T. Colebrooke |title=Algebra with Arithmetic and Mensuration from the Sanscrit of Brhmagupta and Bhaskara |date=1817 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=111 |url=https://archive.org/details/algebrawitharithmeticmensurationbrahmaguptaandbhaskaracharyahenrythomascolebrooke1817_705_o/page/110/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

Though there are large number of commentaries on Bhāskara II's ''[[Līlāvatī]]'', there are not many commentaries on his [[Bijaganita|Bījagaṇita]]. In fact, chronologically, ''Bījapallava'' is the second known commentary on ''Bījagaṇita'' the first one being a commentary called ''Sūryaprakāśa'' composed by Sūryadāsa in 1538, a native of Parthapura. Even though ''Sūryaprakāśa'' contains explanations of almost every verse in Bījagaṇita, the explanations in ''Bījapallava'' are more informative and more elaborate with additional original ideas and examples.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pushpa Kumai Jain |title=A critical edition, translation and commentary on the first three chapters of Suryaprakas of Sudryadasa |date=1995 |publisher=Simon Fraser University |page=iii |url=https://www.vpmthane.org/bhaskara900/Suryaprakasa%20of%20Suryadasa_Bijganita_PushpaJain.pdf |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>

==Salient features==

Here are some of the salient features of ''Bījapallava'':<ref name=Kuppuswami/>
#The concept of "[[number line]]" and its application to explain addition and subtraction of positive and negative numbers.
#Detailed proof of the ''[[Kuṭṭaka]]'' method for solving linear [[Diophantine equation]]s.
#Proof of Bhāskara II's rule for solving [[quadratic equation]]s.
#Proofs of the rules for solving linear equations in several unknowns, equations with higher powers of unknowns and equations with products of unknowns.

==Full text of the work==

*Full text of ''Bījapallavaṃ'', Kṛṣṇa Daivajña's commentary on the [[Bijaganita|Bījagaṇita]] of [[Bhāskara II]]: {{cite book |last1=Kṛṣṇa Daivajña |title=Bijapallavam edited with Introduction by T. V. Radhakrishna Sastri |date=1958 |publisher=S. Gopalan |location=T. M. S. S. M. Library, Tanjore |url=https://archive.org/details/bijapallavaacommentaryonbijaganitaradhakrishnasastrit.v.tjssm78_205_/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2024}}
*Full text of a critical study on ''Bījapallavaṃ'': {{cite book |last1=Sita Sundar Ram |title=Bijapallava of Kṛṣṇa Daivajña: Algebra in Sixteenth Century India, a Critical Study |date=2012 |publisher=The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute |location=Chennai |url=https://archive.org/details/eWjy_bija-pallava-of-krishna-daivajna-algebra-in-sixteenth-century-india-a-critical-s/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mathematics}}

[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in India]]
[[Category:History of algebra]]

Bījapallava - Revision history

KellyeZimmermann at 13:06, 27 June 2024