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{{Short description|Sikh martyr (1682–1757)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Baba Deep Singh fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg
| caption = 19th century fresco painting of Baba Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar
| name = Baba Deep Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1682|01|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Pahuwind, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1757|11|13|1682|01|26|df=yes}}
| death_cause = [[Killed in Action]]
| death_place = [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]]
| known_for = {{Ubl
| First Head of [[Shaheedan Misl]]
| First Head of [[Damdami Taksal]]
| Fighting alongside most of battles of Banda Singh Bahadur like Battle of Chapar Chiri, Sadhaura and capture of Sirhind
| Freed the captives during the fourth raid of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1757
| [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=400|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
| office1 = [[Jathedar]] of [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]]
| successor1 = Sudh Singh
| termstart1 = 1706
| termend1 = 1757
| office2 = [[Damdami Taksal|Jathedar of Damdami Taksal]]
| termstart2 = 1708
| termend2 = 1757
| successor2 = [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]]
| predecessor2 = ''Position Established''
| military_blank1 = Commander
| military_data1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|30 px]] [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Baba Deep Singh''' (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among [[Sikh]]s as one of the most hallowed [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyr]]s in [[Sikhism]]. He is remembered for his [[sacrifice]] and devotion to the teachings of the [[Sikh Gurus]]. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of [[Shaheedan Misl|Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal]] – an order of the Khalsa military established by [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The [[Damdami Taksal]] also state that he was the first head of their order.<ref name="Daily Excelsior.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040721100805/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01dec19/state.htm#2 Damdami Taksal opens shop to provide religious literature]. Daily Excelsior.com</ref> He is remembered by Sikhs as one of their notable martyrs of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Baba Deep Singh was born in a Sandhu [[Jat Sikh]] family on 26 January 1682. His father Bhagta was a Farmer, and his mother was Jioni. He lived in the Pahuwind village of [[Amritsar district]].<ref name="Bhagata">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |year=1993 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |pages=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=The Shahid or Nihang Misal |oclc=622730722 |quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the ''pargana'' of Amritsar, ...}}</ref>

He went to [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Vaisakhi]] in 1700, where he was baptised into [[Khalsa]] by Guru Gobind Singh, through the ''Khande di Pahul'' or [[Amrit Sanchar]] (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From [[Bhai Mani Singh]], he learnt reading and writing [[Gurmukhi]] and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh at [[Talwandi Sabo]] in 1705, where he helped [[Bhai Mani Singh]] in making copies of the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150618195754/http://www.sikhismguide.org/babadeepsingh.aspx Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji]}}. SikhismGuide. Retrieved on 2017-07-09.</ref>

== Military career ==
{{See also|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Shaheedan Misl}}

In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] during the [[Battle of Sadhaura]] and the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]. In 1733, [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] appointed him a leader of an armed squad (''[[jatha]]''). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] in [[Amritsar]], the 65 ''jathas'' of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] were reorganized into twelve [[Misl]]s. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the [[Shaheedan Misl|Shaheed Misl]].

With the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]] by [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] between January–May 1739 and the t[[Decline of the Mughal Empire|otal destruction of the Mughal administration]] in the Punjab as a result, the Sikhs saw an opportunity for themselves and pillaged and sought revenge on their enemies.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Comrnonwealth or Rise and FalI of Sikh Misls |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-8121501651 |volume=IV |pages=71–77}}</ref> According to the contemporary writer Harcharan Das in his ''Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í'', in 1740, one year after the attack of Nader Shah, a large force of Sikhs and [[Jat Rebellion (1667–1723)|Jats]], including local Muslims, seized the Sirhind ''sarkar'' of the [[Doaba|Jullunder Doab]], establishing a short-lived polity with a person named Daranat Shah as its head.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2007 |volume=2: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |pages=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Arjan Dass |title=An Indian Guerilla War: The Sikh Peoples War, 1699-1768 |publisher=Wiley |year=1975 |isbn=9780470565766 |pages=44}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |isbn=9788121501651 |edition=3rd |volume=IV |pages=13, 73, 121}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Citation |title=Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í, of Harí Charan Dás |date=2013 |work=The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |volume=8 |pages=204–231 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Henry Miers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-india-as-told-by-its-own-historians/chahar-gulzar-shujai-of-hari-charan-das/59871F04147D5E4D2362BE2A22BFE32C |access-date=2024-09-14 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139507219.035 |isbn=978-1-108-05590-1 |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-first=John|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The rebellion was eventually crushed by a Mughal force in 1741 under Azimullah Khan and the Sikhs retreated to the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1986 |volume=20 |pages=114}}</ref> According to [[Hari Ram Gupta]], Daranat Shah was Baba Deep Singh.<ref name=":7" />

=== Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib ===
{{Main articles|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

In April 1757, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] raided [[Northern India]] for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to [[Kabul]] from [[Delhi]] with young men and women as captives, the [[Sikhs]] made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of ''Baba'' Deep Singh was deployed near [[Kurukshetra]]. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in [[Lahore]], Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (the "Golden Gurudwara"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the [[Punjab region]] to his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Prince Timur Shah]], and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.

Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]]s desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time ''baba'' Deep Singh reached [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.

== Death ==
Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] by the [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]]. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|Battle of Amritsar]] on 13 November 1757,<ref>''History of the Sikhs, Volume I'' by [[Khushwant Singh]].</ref> and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.<ref name=deol>{{cite book| last = Deol| first = Harnik| title = Religion and Nationalism in India| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| location = London and New York| isbn = 9780415201087| no-pp = true| page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}</ref>

There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other.<ref name=deol/> In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of [[Amritsar]] did he stop and finally die.<ref>Brosius, Christiane. ''Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism''. 2005, page 40.</ref> According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his {{cvt|15|kg}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|title=Shaheed Baba Deep Singh|publisher=Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7.|access-date=2009-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602004008/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mahajan|first= Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title= Muslim Rule in India |publisher= S.Chand |year= 1970 |location= New Delhi |no-pp= true|page= Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Baba Deep Singh Shaheed within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Baba Deep Singh Shaheed within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023]]
The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at [[Akal Takht]], first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.

== Battles fought by Baba Deep Singh ==

* [[Battle of Sadhaura|Battle of Sadhaura (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710)]]
* [[Siege of Sirhind|Siege of Sirhind (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]

== In popular culture ==
''Anokhe Amar Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji'', an Indian historical biographical film by Jaswinder Chahal was released in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anokhe Shahhed Baba Deep Singh|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-anokhe-shahhed-baba-deep-singh-movie-online-59c26c491462d094dc2d85e22ba067f8 |website=[[MX Player]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's.jpg|A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]], circa 1880's
File:Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg|Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal
File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|Akali Baba Deep Singh leading his men against the Afghans. Early 20th century Sikh painting
File:Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib.png|Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib
File:Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh.jpg|Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. McLeod |title=Popular Sikh Art |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562791-6 |pages=38–39, 78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByXWAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Thāpar |first=K.S. |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A–D |volume=1 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-100-6 |pages=587–588 |edition=4th |entry=DĪP SIṄGH SHAHĪD, BĀBĀ (1682-1757)}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |year=2001 |orig-year=1982 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |pages=121–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love" |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564947-5 |pages=35, 39, 42, 44, 95–9, 100, 168, 169, 197–8, 233, 264, 272 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=Singh |first2=Pashaura |author2-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |editor1-last=Raj |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor2-last=Harman |editor2-first=William P. |title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=[[State University of New York#SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-6707-7 |pages=210–211 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA210 |chapter=Vows in the Sikh Tradition}}
*{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |title=Amritsar 1984: A City Remembers |year=2018 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=978-1-4985-7105-0 |pages=7–8, 55, 68–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oVuDwAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Baba Deep Singh}}

{{Khalsa Panth Jathedars}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Deep}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Amritsar]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:1682 births]]
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

Baba Deep Singh - Revision history

SadguruCaterer at 10:33, 11 November 2025