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[[File:Sangameshvara temple at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|Sangameshvara temple, [[Pattadakal]] built in 725 CE]]<br />
The '''Badami [[Chalukya]] architecture''' was a temple building idiom that evolved in the 5th – 8th centuries AD in the [[Malaprabha]] river basin, in present-day [[Bagalkot district]] of [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]], under the [[Chalukya dynasty]]. This style is sometimes called the [[Vesara]] style and '''Chalukya style''', a term that also includes the much later [[Western Chalukya architecture]] of the 11th and 12th centuries. '''Early Chalukya architecture''', used by George Michell and others, equates to Badami Chalukya. The earliest Badami Chalukya temples date back to around 450 A.D. in [[Aihole]] when the Badami Chalukyas were vassals of the [[History of South India#Kadambas of Banavasi|Kadambas of Banavasi]]. According to historian K.V. Sounder Rajan, the [[Badami Chalukyas]] contribution to temple building matched their valor and their achievements in battle.<br />
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About 450 CE, the Early Chalukya style originated in [[Aihole]] and was perfected in [[Badami|Badaami, Karnataka]] and [[Pattadakal|Pattadakal, Karnataka]]. <br />
The unknown architects and artists experimented with different styles, blended the Nagara and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] styles.<br />
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Their style includes two types of monuments: [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock cut halls]] or "cave temples", and "structural" temples, built above ground.<br />
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==Badami cave temples==<br />
[[File:Cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|thumb| Cave temple at Badami [[Karnataka]] ]]<br />
[[File:Bhutanatha temple in Badami, Karnataka, India.jpg|thumb|[[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha temple complex]] ]]<br />
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[[Badami cave temples]] have rock-cut halls with three basic features: pillared veranda, columned hall and a sanctum cut out deep into rock.<br />
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Early experiments in rock-cut halls were attempted in Aihole where they built three cave temples, one each in Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina styles. Later they refined their style and cut out four marvellous cave temples at [[Badami]]. One noteworthy feature of these cave temples is the running frieze of ''Ganas'' in various amusing postures caved in relief on each plinth.<br />
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The outside verandas of the cave temples are rather plain, but the inner hall contains rich and prolific sculptural symbolism. Art critic Dr. M. Sheshadri wrote of the Chalukya art that they cut rock like [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]]s but finished like jewellers. Critic Zimmer wrote that the Chalukya cave temples are a fine balance of versatility and restrain.<br />
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The finest structural temples are located in [[Pattadakal]]. Of the ten temples in Pattadakal, six are in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style and four in [[Rekhanagara]] style. The Virupaksha temple in many ways holds resemblance to the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram which came into existence a few years earlier.<br />
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This is a fully inclusive temple, it has a central structure, ''nandi'' pavilion in front and has a walled enclosure that is entered by a gateway. The main sanctum has a ''[[Pradakshina]]patha'' and ''[[mandapa|mantapa]]''. The ''mantapa'' is pillared and has perforated windows (pierced window screens). The external wall surface is divided by pilasters into well-spaced ornamental niches filled with either sculptures or perforated windows. Art critic [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] says about the sculptures that they flow into the architecture in a continuous stream. It is said that the Virupaskha temple is one of those monuments where the spirit of the men who built it, still lives.<br />
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Many centuries later, the serene art of the Badami Chalukya reappeared in the pillared architecture of the [[Vijayanagar Empire]]. Their caves include finely engraved sculptures of ''Harihara'', ''Trivikrama'', ''Mahisa Mardhini'', ''Tandavamurthi'', ''Paravasudeva'', ''Nataraja'', ''Varaha'', ''Gomateshvara'' and others. Plenty of animal and foliage motifs are also included.<br />
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Some important sculptors of their time were [[Gundan Anivaritachari]], Revadi Ovajja and Narasobba.<br />
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===Important Badami Chalukya temples===<br />
[[File:Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|Virupaksha temple at [[Pattadakal]]]]<br />
[[File:Ravana Phadi cave (inside view) at Aihole.jpg|thumb|Ravana Phadi cave, [[Aihole]]]]<br />
'''Pattadakal'''<br />
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*[[Pattadakal#Virupaksha_Temple|Virupaksha Temple]]<br />
*[[Sangameswarar Temple]]<br />
*Kashivisvanatha Temple ([[Rashtrakuta]])<br />
*Mallikarjuna Temple<br />
*Galganatha Temple<br />
*Kadasiddeshvara Temple<br />
*Jambulinga Temple<br />
*Jain Narayana Temple (Rashtrakuta)<br />
*Papanatha Temple<br />
*Museum of the Plains and Sculpture gallery<br />
*Naganatha Temple<br />
*Chandrashekara<br />
*Mahakuteshwara Temple<br />
*Sun Temple<br />
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[[File:Relief of Jain Tirthankara Parshvanath in the Badami cave temple no.4.jpg|thumb|Jain tirthankara Parshvanath, cave No. 4, Badami cave temples]]<br />
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'''Aihole'''<br />
*[[Lad Khan Temple]]<br />
*Huchiappayyagudi Temple<br />
*Huchiappayya math<br />
*[[Durga temple, Aihole|Durga Temple]]<br />
*Meguti Jain Temple<br />
*Ravanaphadi Temple<br />
*Gowda Temple<br />
*Museum & Art Gallery<br />
*Suryanarayana Temple<br />
'''Badami'''<br />
*Cave 1 (Shiva)<br />
*Cave 2 (Vishnu as [[Trivikrama]] or [[Vamana]], [[Varaha]] and [[Krishna]])<br />
*Cave 3 (Vishnu as [[Narasimha]], [[Varaha]], [[Harihara]] and [[Trivikrama]].)<br />
*Cave 4 ([[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] [[Parsvanatha]])<br />
*[[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha group of temples]] (Badami and Kalyani Chalukya)<br />
'''Gerusoppa'''<br />
*Vardhamanaswamy Temple<br />
'''Sanduru'''<br />
*Parvati temple<br />
'''Alampur''', [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
*[[Alampur Navabrahma Temples|Navabrahma temples]]<br />
*[[Alampur, Mahbubnagar|Kudavelly Sangameshwara Temple]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
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==Notes==<br />
*Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).<br />
*Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat (2001). Concise History of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100118125941/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History Of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.com]<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Architecture of the Chalukya Empire}}<br />
*[http://bagalkot.nic.in/ Official site of Bagalkot District]<br />
*[http://www.karnataka.com/tourism/aihole/ Karnataka Tourism Guide]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060105065151/http://www.hotelskarnataka.com/html/aihole.htm Karnataka Hotels]<br />
*[http://www.tourism-of-india.com/aihole.html Tourism of India]<br />
*[http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/temples.htm Temples of Karnataka, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat]<br />
{{Architecture of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Architecture of India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Badami Chalukya Architecture}}<br />
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]<br />
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural history of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]</div>
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