->The Tips of Apmh at 00:38, 20 October 2021

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Badruddin Tyabji
| image = File:BadruddinTyabji.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|10|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1906|08|19|1844|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], England, [[United Kingdom]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[activist]], [[politician]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[University of London]]<br>[[Middle Temple]]
| notable_works =
| family = [[Tyabji family]]
| office = 3rd [[President of the Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]
| successor = [[George Yule (businessman)|George Yule]]
| term_start = 1887
| term_end = 1888
| relations = [[Tyabji family]]
}}

'''Badruddin Tyabji''' (10 October 1844 – 19 August 1906) was an Indian [[lawyer]], [[activist]] and [[politician]] during [[British Raj]]. Tyabji was the first Indian to practice as a barrister of the [[High Court of Bombay]] who served as the third President of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=:>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/badruddin-tyabji|title=Badruddin-Tyabji profile|website=The Open University website|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> He was one of the founding member and first Muslim president of Indian National Congress.<ref name=:/>

==Early life==
===Background===
Tyabji was born on 10 October 1844 in [[Bombay]], part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] of [[British India]]. He was the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a member of the [[Sulaimani Bohra|Sulaimani]] Bohra community, and a scion of an old [[Cambay]] emigrant [[Arabs|Arab]] family.<ref name="Anonymous 1926 97–112">{{cite book|title=Eminent Mussalmans|author=Anonymous|year=1926|edition=1|publisher=G.A. Natesan & Co.|place=Madras|url=https://archive.org/stream/eminentmussalman031205mbp#page/n117/mode/2up|pages=97–112}}</ref>

His father had sent all of his seven sons to [[Europe]] for further studies, at a time when English education was considered anathema for Muslims in India. His elder brother, Camruddin, had been the first Indian solicitor admitted in England and Wales, and inspired the 15-year-old Badruddin to join the Bar.<ref name=:/>

===Education===
After learning [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] at Dada Makhra's Madrassa, he joined the [[Elphinstone Institution]] (now Elphinstone College) in Bombay, after which he was sent to [[France]] for eye treatment. In 1860, at the age of sixteen, he joined Newbury High Park College in [[London]].<ref name="bio1">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/ThreePatriots/Three%20patriots#page/n25/mode/1up|title=Three departed patriots : Sketches of the lives and careers of the late Ananda Mohun Bose, Badruddin Tyabji, W. C. Bonnerjee with their portraits and copious extracts from their speeches and with appreciations.|publisher=G. A. Natesan and Company|year=1910|pages=19–50|author1=Wacha, D E|author2=Gokhale, Gopal Krishna|place=Madras}}</ref>

Whilst in England, his father gave him letters of introduction to [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], the retired [[Governor-General of India]]<ref name=:/> After Newbury, Tyabji enrolled at the [[University of London]] and [[Middle Temple]] in 1863.<ref name=:/> Suffering from deteriorating eyesight he returned to Bombay in late 1864 but resumed his studies at the Middle Temple in late 1865 and was called to the Bar in April 1867.

==Career==
===Return to India===
On his return to Bombay in December 1867, Tyabji became the first Indian barrister in the [[High Court of Bombay]].<ref name=":"/>

Tyabji was nominated to the Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1873. He was a member of the [[University of Bombay]] senate between 1875–1905 and appointed to the [[Bombay Legislative Council]] in 1882, resigning in 1886 owing to ill health.<ref name=":"/> Along with [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] and [[Kashinath Trimbak Telang]], he was largely responsible for forming the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885, a body which championed Indian interests and hosted the first meeting of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay at the end of 1885.<ref name=":"/>

===Involvement with Indian National Congress===
Badruddin and his elder brother Camruddin were deeply involved in the founding of the Indian National Congress. Tyabji was instrumental in building the national scope of the Congress by working to gain support from both Hindus and Muslims and during his time as President of the Indian National Congress between 1887–88, he focused on uniting the Muslim community.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karlitzky|first=Maren|date=2004-01-01|title=Continuity and Change in the Relationship between Congress and the Muslim Élite: A Case Study of the Tyabji Family|jstor=25817923|journal=Oriente Moderno|volume=23 |issue=84|pages=161–175|doi=10.1163/22138617-08401011}}</ref> To promote social interaction among the city's Muslims, Tyabji was instrumental in founding both the Islam Club and the [[Islam Gymkhana, Mumbai|Islam Gymkhana]].<ref name=":"/>

In response to criticisms that Muslims should boycott the Congress, Tyabji declared that he had denounced all communal and sectarian prejudices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=10|title=Profile of Badruddin Tyabji|work=Indian National Congress website|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928212120/http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=10|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|language=en}}</ref> To further conciliate Muslims and bring them into the Congress fold, Tyabji introduced Resolution No. XIII at the 1888 Allahabad Congress stating stated, "That no subject shall be passed for discussion by the Subject Committee, or allowed to be discussed at any Congress...to the introduction of which the Hindu or Mahomedan Delegates as a body object...provided that this rule shall refer only to subjects in regard to which the Congress has not already definitely pronounced an opinion."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Separatism among Indian Muslims: The politics of the United Provinces' Muslims 1860-1923|last=Robinson|first=Francis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1974|pages=116–117}}</ref> This measure was introduced with intention of appealing to Muslims by limiting the scope of Congress activities to only those items that both Muslims and Hindus agreed upon.

Despite these overtures, many Muslim leaders were still sceptical of Congress's ability to represent them. Chief among these critics was [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], who in an open letter to Tyabji, wrote, "I ask my friend Budruddin Tyabji to leave aside those insignificant points in the proposals of the Congress in which Hindus and Mahomedans agree (for there are no things in the world which have no points in common -- there are many things in common between a man and a pig), and to tell me what fundamental political principles of the Congress are not opposed to the interests of Mahomedans."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_sir_sayyid_tyabji_1888.html|title=Sir Syed Ahmed's Reply to Mr. Budruddin Tyabji|last=Khan|first=Sayyid Ahmad|website=www.columbia.edu|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref>

Despite these criticisms, Tyabji continued to believe in Congress as a capable institution for forwarding the collective interests as Indians as a whole and he sought to set the example for cross-communal cooperation. In his Presidential Address to the 1887 Madras Congress, Tyabji reassured members of his faith, stating, "I, at least, not merely in my individual capacity but as representing the Anjuman-i-Islam of Bombay, do not consider that there is anything whatever in the position or the relations of the different communities of India -- be they Hindus, Musalmans, Parsis, or Christians -- which should induce the leaders of any one community to stand aloof from the others in their efforts to obtain those great general reforms, those great general rights, which are for the common benefit of us all; and which, I feel assured, have only to be earnestly and unanimously pressed upon Government to be granted to us."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/txt_tyabji_congress_1887.html|title=Presidential speech to the Indian National Congress, 1887|last=Tyabji|first=Badruddin|website=www.columbia.edu|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref> He was considered among the moderate Muslims during the freedom movement of India.<ref name="Anonymous 1926 97–112"/>

===Later life===
In June 1895 Tyabji was made a judge of the Bombay High Court, the first Muslim and the third Indian to be so elevated. In 1902, he became the first Indian to hold the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. Tyabji was also active in women's emancipation and worked to weaken the [[zenana]] system. He sent all of his daughters to be educated in Bombay and in 1904 he sent two of them to boarding school in [[Haslemere]] in England.

==Death==
On 26th August 1906, while on a furlough in London, England Badruddin Tyabji died suddenly of a heart attack.

==Family==
He was married to Rahat-un-Nafs and together they had eighteen children.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RInDwAAQBAJ |title=Builders Of Modern India (Badruddin Tyabji)|author=A. G. Noorani|website=GoogleBooks website|date=June 2017|isbn=9788123024653|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> His nephew was [[Abbas Tyabji]]. His grandsons included [[Saif Tyabji]], [[Azim Tyabji]] and [[Badruddin Tayyabji, ICS|Badruddin Tayyabji]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/surayya-tayyabji-designer-of-the-indian-tricolour/#.57c8zl51m |author=Shruti Pillai |title=This Woman Made A Big Contribution In Designing The Indian Flag And Sadly, No One Knows Who She Is|website=scoopwhoop.com website|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> His great granddaughter is [[Laila Tyabji]].<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150114/jsp/opinion/story_8222.jsp#.Vwun9Zx95dg Brussels in winter]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Tyabji family}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyabji, Badruddin}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1906 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:People of British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]

Badruddin Tyabji - Revision history

->The Tips of Apmh at 00:38, 20 October 2021