Ahmjit at 16:03, 18 January 2025

2025-01-18T16:03:25Z

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{{short description|Language spoken in Nepal}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Bahing
|region=[[Nepal]]
|speakers={{sigfig|11,700|2}}
|date=2011 census
|ethnicity=[[Bahing]]
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]
|fam5=Western
|fam6=Sunwari
|iso3=bhj
|glotto=bahi1252
|glottorefname=Bahing
|script=
|nation=[[Nepal]]
|notice=IPA
}}

Bahing is one of the ethnicities present in Nepal which consist of the following ancestors: Paiwa''', Dungmowa, Rukhusalu, Waripsawa, Timriwa, Dhimriwa, Nayango, Dhayango, Khaliwa/Khaluwa, Rendukpa/Rendu, and Rungbu'''.<ref>linked to [[Rumjatar]] by Hanßon–Winter 1991</ref> These ancestors spoke the Bahing language. The Bahing language was recorded (census 2021) to be spoken by 14449 people of the [[Bahing|Bahing ethnic group]] in [[Nepal]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=NP&seq=20 Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #4 near the map's north/south center and about 2/3 of the way from east to west]</ref> It belongs to the family of [[Kiranti languages]], a subgroup of [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]].

The group Rumdali is also known as Nechali among some of them.

==Names==
''Ethnologue'' lists the following alternate names for Bahing: Baying, Ikke lo, Kiranti-Bahing, Pai Lo, Radu lo. '''Procha lo'''

==Geographical distribution==
Bahing is spoken in the following locations of Nepal (''[[Ethnologue]]'').

*Northeastern [[Okhaldhunga District]], [[Sagarmatha Zone]]: [[Harkapur]], [[Rajadip|Ragdip]], [[Bigutar]], [[Baraneshwar|Baruneswor]], [[Okhaldhunga]], [[Rumjatar]], [[Barnalu]], [[Mamkha]], [[Ratmate]], [[Serna]], [[Diyale]], and [[Bhadaure, Sagarmatha|Bhadaure]] VDC's (''Rumdali dialect'')
*Mid-southeastern [[Okhaldhunga District]]: [[Ketuke]], [[Moli, Nepal|Moli]], [[Baksa, Nepal|Waksa]], and [[Ubu, Nepal|Ubu]] VDC's (''Tolocha dialect'')
*Southern tip of [[Solukhumbu District]]: [[Necha Batase]] and [[Salyan, Solukhumbu|Salyan]] VDC's
*[[Khotang District]]

==Dialects==
According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', Bahing consists of the Rumdali, Nechali, Tolacha, Moblocha, and Hangu dialects, with 85% or above intelligibility among all dialects.

==Documentation==
The Bahing language was described by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson]] (1857, 1858) as having a very complex verbal morphology. By the 1970s, only vestiges were left, making Bahing a case study of grammatical attrition and language death.

==Phonology==
Bahing and the related [[Khaling language]] have synchronic ten-vowel systems. The difference of {{IPA|[mərə]}} "monkey" vs. {{IPA|[mɯrɯ]}} "human being" is difficult to perceive for speakers of even neighboring dialects, which makes for "an unlimited source of fun to the Bahing people".<ref>([https://web.archive.org/web/20090214091840/http://www.isrl.uiuc.edu/~amag/langev/paper/deboer01evolvingSound.html de Boer 2002] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704143113/http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~junwang4/langev/localcopy/pdf/deboer01evolvingSound.pdf PDF])</ref>

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="4" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
!colspan=2 |[[rounded vowel|rounded]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|-
![[high vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|इ}}
|{{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|इः}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɯ}} {{angbr|उ़}}
|{{IPA link |ɯː}} {{angbr|उ़ः}}
|{{IPA link |u}} {{angbr|उ}}
|{{IPA link |uː}} {{angbr|उः}}
|- align="center"
![[high-mid vowel|High-mid]]
|{{IPA link |e}} {{angbr|ए}}
|{{IPA link |eː}} {{angbr|एः}}
|
|
|{{IPA link |ɤ}} {{angbr|ओ़}}
|{{IPA link |ɤː}} {{angbr|ओ़ः}}
|{{IPA link |o}} {{angbr|ओ}}
|{{IPA link |oː}} {{angbr|ओः}}
|- align="center"
![[low-mid vowel|Low-mid]]
|{{IPA link |ɛ}} {{angbr|ए़}}
|
|{{IPA link |ʌ}} {{angbr|अ}}
|{{IPA link |ʌː}} {{angbr|अः}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link |ä}} {{angbr|आ}}
|{{IPA link |äː}} {{angbr|आः}}
|
|
|
|
|}
*Bahing language has no long vowel /ɛ/.

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Bahing consonant phonemes
! colspan="3" |
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Apical consonant|Apico]]- [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Lamino]]- [[Dental consonant|alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|म}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|न}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{angbr|ङ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="5" | [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
! colspan="2" | [[implosive consonant|implosive]]
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}} {{angbr|ळ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|प}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{angbr|त}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|ट}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} {{angbr|च}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|क}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{angbr|फ}}
| {{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} {{angbr|थ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{angbr|ठ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} {{angbr|छ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} {{angbr|ख}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[voiced consonant|voiced]]
! [[unaspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|b}} {{angbr|ब}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪}} {{angbr|द}}
| {{IPAlink|d}} {{angbr|ड}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡z}} {{angbr|ज}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} {{angbr|ग}}
|
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|bʱ}} {{angbr|भ}}
| {{IPAlink|d̪ʱ}} {{angbr|ध}}
| {{IPAlink|dʱ}} {{angbr|ढ}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}} {{angbr|झ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} {{angbr|घ}}
|
|-
!! colspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{angbr|स}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɦ}} {{angbr|ह}}
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}} {{angbr|र}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|ल}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|व}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|य}}
|
|
|}
* Bahing has its unique sound /ɓ/ ळ.
* Nowadays use ट, ठ, ड, ढ, have disappeared or are less used.

==Morphology==
Hodgson (1857) reported a [[Grammatical voice#The middle voice|middle voice]] formed by a suffix ''-s(i)'' added to the verbal stem, corresponding to reflexives in other [[Kiranti]] languages.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151411/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/?q=language_studies/bahing Himalayan Languages Project]}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kiranti languages}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahing Language}}
[[Category:Kiranti languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Bahing language - Revision history

Ahmjit at 16:03, 18 January 2025