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{{Short description|Legendary figure in Jainism}}
{{About|the legendary figure in Jainism|the media franchise|Baahubali (franchise)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| image = Gommateshwara, Shravanabelagola.jpg
| caption = The 57-foot (17-m) high [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]], was built in c. 983 CE
| alt = Bahubali ಬಾಹುಬಲಿ
| other_names = Gommateshwara, Kammateshwara
| father = [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabha]]
| mother = Sunandā
| siblings = Sundarī (sister) <br> • [[Bharata (Jainism)|Bharata]], [[Nimi (king)#Jainism|Nami]], and 97 other (half-brothers)<br>• Brāhmī (half-sister)
| height = 525 bows (17 metres)
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]
| moksha_place = [[Mount Kailash#Jainism|Ashtapada]]
| affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| children = Mahābala Somakīrti or Somayaśa (son){{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=106}}
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Bahubali''' ({{IAST3|Bāhubalī}}, {{lit|one with strong arms}}) was the son of [[Rishabhanatha]] (the first ''[[tirthankara]]'' of [[Jainism]]) and the brother of the ''[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|chakravartin]]'' [[Bharata (Jainism)|Bharata]]. He is a revered figure in Jainism. He is said to have meditated motionless for 12 years in a standing posture (''[[kayotsarga]]''), with climbing plants having grown around his legs. After his 12 years of meditation, he is said to have attained omniscience (''[[Kevala Jnana|kevala jnana]]'').

Bahubali's other names are '''Kammateshwara''' and '''Gommateshwara''', the namesake of the [[Gommateshwara statue]] dedicated to him.

==Legends==
The ''[[Adipurana]]'', a 9th-century [[Sanskrit]] poem, deals with the ten lives of the first ''[[tirthankara]]'', [[Rishabhanatha]] and his two sons [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]] and Bahubali. It was composed by [[Jinasena]], a ''[[Digambara monk]]''.{{sfn|Granoff|1993|p=208}}

===Family life===
[[File:भरत-बाहुबली युद्ध.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Bharata-Bahubali fight|left]]

According to Jain texts, Bahubali was born to Rishabhanatha and Sunanda during the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=66}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=212}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=xv}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=120}} He is said to have excelled in studying [[medicine]], [[archery]], [[floriculture]], and the [[Gemology|knowledge of precious gems]]. Bahubali had a son named Somakirti (also known as Mahabala).{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=106}} When Rishabhanatha decided to become a monk, he distributed his kingdom among his 100 sons. Bharata was gifted the kingdom of Vinita ([[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]) and Bahubali got the kingdom of [[Asmaka]] from [[South India]], having Podanapur as its capital.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=67}} After winning six divisions of earth in all directions (''digvijaya''), Bharata proceeded to his capital Ayodhyapuri with a huge army and divine ''chakra-ratna''—spinning, disk-like super weapon with serrated edges.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=67}} But the ''chakra-ratna'' stopped on its own at the entrance of Ayodhyapuri, signalling to the emperor that his 99 brothers had yet not submitted to his authority.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=x}} Bharata's 98 brothers became [[Jain monk]]s and submitted their kingdoms to him. Bahubali was endowed with the final and superior body of extraordinary sturdiness and strength (''vajra-ṛṣabhanārācasaṃhanana'') like Bharata.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2013|p=xi}} He hurled open defiance at the ''[[chakravartin]]'' and challenged him to a fight.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=143}}

The ministers on both sides gave the following argument to prevent war; "The brothers themselves, cannot be killed by any means; they are in their last incarnations in transmigration, and possess bodies which no weapon may mortally wound in warfare! Let them fight out the issue by themselves in other ways."{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=144}} It was then decided that to settle the dispute, three kinds of contests between Bharata and Bahubali would be held. These were eye-fight (staring at each other)(''drishti-yuddha''), water-fight (''jala-yuddha''), and wrestling (''[[malla-yuddha]]''). Bahubali won all the three contests over his elder brother, Bharata.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=67}}{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=105}}

=== Renunciation ===
[[File:Badami, Höhle 4, Bahubali (1999).jpg|thumb|upright 0.75|Sculpture depicting Bahubali's meditation in ''[[Kayotsarga]]'' posture with vines enveloped around his body (Photo: [[Badami cave temples|Badami caves]])]]

After the fight, Bahubali was filled with disgust at the world and developed a desire for renunciation. Bahubali abandoned all possessions—kingdom, clothes, ornaments—to become a monk, and began meditating with great resolve to attain omniscience (''kevala jnana'').{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=145}}

He is said to have meditated motionless in a standing posture (''[[kayotsarga]]'') for a year, during which time climbing plants grew around his legs.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|pp=145–146}} However, he was adamant and continued his practice unmindful of the vines, ants, and dust that enveloped his body. According to the Jain text ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'', on the last day of Bahubali's one year long fast, Bharata came in all humility to Bahubali and worshipped him with veneration and respect. A painful regret that he had been the cause of his elder brother's humiliation had been disturbing Bahubali's meditation; this was dispersed when Bharata worshipped him.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ādipurāṇa|author=Āchārya Jinasena|publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]]|isbn=978-81-263-1844-5|page=217}}</ref> Bahubali was then able to destroy the four kinds of inimical ''[[Karma in Jainism|karmas]]'', including the knowledge obscuring karma, and he attained omniscience (''kevala jnana''). He was now revered as an omniscient being (''[[Kevali]]'').{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|pp=145–146}} Bahubali finally attained liberation (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'') at [[Mount Kailash]]a{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929}} and became a pure, liberated soul (''siddha'').{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929|p=146}} As per texts, he was one of the first [[Digambara monk|''Digambara'' monks]] to have attained ''moksha'' in the present half-cycle of time.(''[[Avasarpiṇī]]'').{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=66}}

== Statues ==
===Karnataka===
There are five [[monolith]]ic statues of Bahubali measuring more than 6 m (20 feet) in height in [[Karnataka]]:

* 17.4 m (57 feet) at [[Shravanabelagola]] in [[Hassan District]] in 981 CE{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=66}}{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=25}}<ref name=toi/>
* 12.8 m (42 feet) at [[Karkala]] in [[Udupi District]] in 1430<ref name=toi/>
* 11.9 m (39 feet) at [[Dharmasthala]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] District in 1973<ref name=toi/>
* 10.7 m (35 feet) at [[Venur]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] District in 1604<ref name=toi/>
* 6 m (17.5 feet) at [[Gommatagiri]] in [[Mysore District]] in 14th century CE<ref name="Hindu" />

===Maharashtra===
* 8m (28 feet) at [[Kumbhoj#Bahubali monolith|Kumbhoj]] in [[Kolhapur district]] in 1963<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Bahubali of Kumbhoj [Statue] |url=https://www.kolhapurtravels.com/kolhapur-kumbhoj-bahubali-jahaj-mandir.php |website=KolhapurTravels.com|access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227131043/http://www.kolhapurtravels.com/kolhapur-kumbhoj-bahubali-jahaj-mandir.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 8m (28 feet) at [https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-1008-Bahubali-Digamber-Jain-Mandir,-Mumbra,-District---Thane-%28Maharashtra%29 Mumbra] in [[Thane district]] in 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lord Bahubali of Mumbra [Statue] |url=https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-1008-Bahubali-Digamber-Jain-Mandir,-Mumbra,-District---Thane-%28Maharashtra%29}}</ref>

===Tamil Nadu===
* 7.3 m (24 feet) at Polur in [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai District]] in 2023.

=== Shravanabelagola ===
{{main|Gommateshwara statue}}
The monolithic statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola, located {{Convert|158|km|miles|abbr=on}} from [[Bangalore]], was carved from a single block of granite. The statue was commissioned by the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] minister and commander [[Chavundaraya]]; it is {{convert|57 |ft|m|adj=on}} tall and is situated above a hill in Shravanabelagola, in the Hassan district of Karnataka. It was built in and around 981 CE and is one of the largest free-standing statues in the world.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=66}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=212}}{{sfn|Rice|1889|p=53}} The statue is visible from {{Convert|25|km|miles}} away. Shravanabelagola has remained a centre of pilgrimage (''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'') for the Jains.<ref>{{citation |title=March of Mysore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97YeAQAAIAAJ |date=1966 |publisher=[[University of California]] |volume=3 |page=56 }}</ref> The statue is bathed at an interval of every 12 years and this event is celebrated as ''Mahamastakabhisheka''.<ref>{{citation |title=Bahubali Mahamastakabhisheka Mahotsav: Here is the history of the Jain festival PM Modi attended today |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/bahubali-mahamastakabhisheka-mahotsav-history-of-the-jain-festival-pm-narendra-modi-shravanabelagola-5070113/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 February 2018 }}</ref>

=== Karkala ===
{{Main|Gommateshwara statue, Karkala}}
[[File:Gomateshwara Statue, Karkala.jpg|thumb|upright 0.75|left|Bahubali monolith of [[Karkala]]]]
Karkala is known for its {{convert|42|feet|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} monolithic statue of Gomateshwara Bahubali, which is believed to have been built around 1432 and is the second-tallest statue in the State.<ref name=toi>{{citation |last=Pinto |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Pinto |title=12-year wait ends, all eyes on 42-ft-tall Karkala Bahubali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/12-year-wait-ends-all-eyes-on-42-ft-tall-Karkala-Bahubali/articleshow/45964077.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2015 |agency=[[Times News Network]] |location=[[Mangaluru]] }}</ref>{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=90}} The statue is built on an elevated platform on top of a rocky hill. It was consecrated on 13 February 1432 by Veera Pandya Bhair Arasa Wodeyar, scion of the [[Santara dynasty|Bhair Arasa dynasty]], feudatory of the Vijayanagar Ruler.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{citation |title=Bahubali abhisheka from today |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bahubali-abhisheka-from-today/article6806743.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2015 }}</ref>

===Dharmastala===
[[File:Gomateshwara of Dharmasthala.jpg|thumb|Bahubali monolith of Dharmastala]]
{{Main|Dharmastala}}

A {{convert|39|feet|m|adj=on|abbr=out}} high statue with a {{convert|13|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}} pedestal that weighs about {{Convert|175|tonnes|kg|abbr=on}} is installed at Dharmasthala in Karnataka.<ref name=toi/>

=== Venur ===
[[File:Venur_-_Bahubali.JPG|thumb|upright 0.75|Bahubali monolith of [[Venur]]]]
{{Main|Venur}}
Venur is a small town in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state, situated on the bank of the [[Gurupura River]]. Thimmanna Ajila built a {{Convert|38|feet|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} colossus of Gommateshwara there in 1604.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=90}}<ref name=toi/>{{sfn|Titze|1998|p=48}} The statue at Venur is the shortest of the three Gommateshwaras within {{Convert|250|km|miles|abbr=on}} around it. It stands in an enclosure on the same pattern as that of the statue at Shravanabelagola. The Kings of [[Ajila]] Dynasty ruled here from 1154 to 1786.<ref>{{citation |last=Pinto |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Pinto |title=10-day Mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/10-day-Mahamastakabhisheka-at-Karkala-from-today/articleshow/45962346.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2015 |location=[[Mangaluru]] |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] }}</ref>

=== Gommatagiri ===
{{Main|Gommatagiri}}
[[File:Statue of Bahubali at Gommatagiri, Mysore.JPG|thumb|left|upright 0.75|Bahubali monolith of [[Gommatagiri]], Mysore]]
Gommatagiri is an acclaimed Jain centre. The 12th-century granite statue of Bahubali, also known as Gomateshwara, is erected atop a {{Convert|50|m|feet|abbr=out|adj=on}} tall hillock called 'Shravana Gudda'.<ref name=Hindu>{{citation |title=Gommatagiri statue crying for attention |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3243137.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 January 2006 }}</ref> The Jain centre attracts many pilgrims during the annual ''[[Mahamastakabhisheka]]'' in September.<ref name=Hindu/>{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=90}} The statue at Gommatagiri is very similar to the {{Convert|58|feet|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} Gommateshwara statue in Shravanabelagola, except that it is smaller. Historians attribute the statue to an early Vijayanagar period.<ref name=Hindu/>

=== Kumbhoj ===
[[File:BahubaliKumbhoj.JPG|thumb|{{convert|28|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}}-high monolith of Bahubali at [[Kumbhoj]]]]
{{Main|Kumbhoj}}

[[Kumbhoj]] is the name of an ancient town located in [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. The town is about eight kilometers from Hatkanangale, about twenty seven kilometers from Kolhapur. The famous Jain pilgrimage centre where a {{convert|28|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}}-high statue of Bahubali is installed is {{convert|2|km}} from the Kumbhoj city.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=91}}

=== Aretipur ===
There is a {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}}-high statue of Bahubali at Aretipur, Near Kokrebellur Village of Madur Taluk [[Mandya district]].<ref>{{citation |title=Bahubali of Aretipur |url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/bahubali-of-artipura/article8455428.ece |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=29 April 2016 }}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) excavated another {{convert|13|feet|m|adj=on|abbr=on}}-high statue of Bahubali made in the 3rd – 9th centuries in Aretipur.<ref>{{citation |last=Girish |first=M. B. |author-link=M. B. Girish |title=Another Jain centre under excavation in Mandya district |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151204/nation-current-affairs/article/another-jain-centre-under-excavation-mandya-district |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 February 2016 |orig-year=4 December 2015 }}</ref> ASI has also excavated an 8th-century statue of Bahubali in Aretipur, [[Maddur, Mandya]], Karnataka, that is {{convert|3|feet|m}} wide and {{convert|3.5|feet|m|abbr=on}} tall.<ref>{{citation |title=Eighth Century Jain Temple Discovered in Maddur |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Eighth-Century-Jain-Temple-Discovered-in-Maddur/2015/01/07/article2607640.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110053310/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Eighth-Century-Jain-Temple-Discovered-in-Maddur/2015/01/07/article2607640.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |date=7 January 2015 }}</ref>

=== Uttar Pradesh ===

=== Greater Noida ===
[[File:Bahubaleshwar.jpg|thumb|Bahubaleshwar|left|203x203px]]
The Bahubaleshwar Temple in village Gharbhara has a 23 ft (7.0 m) high Statue of Bahubali in granite.

Built with sustainability in mind, the temple boasts a Miyawaki forest with 5,000 trees, a pond, fountains, mud cottages, and 90% green coverage.

==In literature==
[[File:Poetic old Kannada inscription of Bopanna dated 1180 CE at Shravanabelagola.jpg|upright 0.75|thumb|Poem by Boppanna]]

The life-story of Bahubali has been discussed in many works.

=== Sanskrit ===
* The [[Ādi purāṇa]] composed by ''Āchārya'' Jinasena. The [[Gommateshvara statue]] built by [[Chavundaraya]] was influenced by description in this book.{{Sfn|Sangave|2001|p=215}}{{Sfn|Sangave|1981|p=72}}
* ''Bahubali charitra'' written in the 9th century CE{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=51}}

=== Prakrit ===
* ''Gommatesha-thudi'', a religious hymn in praise to Bahubali, was composed by [[Nemichandra]] in 10th century CE.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=240}}
* ''Gommatasa-sara'', composed by [[Nemichandra]], mentions the story of construction of the ''Gommateshwara statue'' by Chavundaraya.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=75}}

=== Kannada ===
* A 10th-century [[Kannada]] text based on the Sanskrit text was written by the poet [[Adikavi Pampa]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history2.htm |title=History of Kannada literature |work=kamat.com }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |year = 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC&pg=PA78 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |page=78 }}</ref>
* ''Gommata-stuti'' is a poem dated 1180 was composed by a Jain poet named Boppanna (also known as Sujanottamsa), in praise of Bahubali.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=84}}{{sfn|Settar|1989|p=264}}
* ''Karkala Gommatesvara Charitre'', composed by Chadura Chandrama in 1686 CE, is poem describing the mahamastakabhisheka at Karkala.{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=231}}

=== Rajasthani ===
* Bharateshwara Bahubali Ghora composed by ''Vajrasena Suri'' in 1168, is a poem with 48 verses describing the battle between Bharata and Bahubali.{{Sfn|Datta|1987|p=454}}

=== Gujarati ===
* Bharateshwara Bahubaliras composed by Shalibhadra Suri in 1184, is a poem with 203 [[stanza]]s describing the struggle of power between Bharata and Bahubali.{{sfn|Datta|1987|p=454}}{{sfn|Paniker|1997|p=94}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1998|p=44}}

== Images ==

Pictured below are some of the images depicting Bahubali that are located at various places in India.
<gallery>
File:Bahubaliji.jpg|Bahubali at Shree Pragat Prabhavi Parshwanatha Temple, [[Dabhoi]]
File:MET DP216814 - Bahubali 6th century.jpg|Bahubali, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (6th CE)
File:Gomateswara at Ellora Cave 32.jpg|Indra Sabha, [[Ellora Caves]] (9th CE)
File:Bahubali monolith at Halebidu.jpg|Bahubali monolith at [[Halebidu]] (12th CE)
File:Shravanbelgola Gomateshvara miniature.jpg|Miniature version of the Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola
File:YSR State arch museum - bahubaludu at patan cheru.jpg|Bahubali statue at [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|YSR state Archaeology Museum]], Hyderabad, 12th century
File:Bahubali Statue at Bada Gaon (2).jpg|{{convert|31|ft|m|adj=on|abbr=out}} statue of Bahubali at [[Bada Gaon temple|Bada Gaon]]
File:Gommaṭeśvara.JPG|Gomateshwara at [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], 8th century
File:Cholapandiyapuram andimalai Bahubali.jpg|Bahubali at [[Cholapandiyapuram#Andimalai|Andimalai Caves]], 10th century
File:Bahubali statue atop Shravanabetta.jpg|Bahubali at Aretipur
</gallery>

{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}

*[[God in Jainism]]
*[[Jain cosmology]]
*[[Jainism in Karnataka]]
*[[Statue of Ahimsa]]
*[[Bawangaja]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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* {{citation |last=Settar |first=S. | author-link=Shadakshari Settar |title=Inviting Death: Indian Attitude Towards the Ritual Death | volume=28 | series=Monographs and theoretical studies in sociology and anthropology |url={{Google books|vmc3vs5Ija0C|pg=RA1-PA264|plainurl=yes}} |year=1989 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004087903 }}
* {{citation|last=Titze|first=Kurt|title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=loQkEIf8z5wC|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|edition=2|date=1998|isbn=81-208-1534-3}}
*{{citation|last=Zimmer|first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Philosophies Of India|year=1953|orig-year=April 1952|editor-first=Joseph|editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell|publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd|location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer|isbn=978-81-208-0739-6}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809102225/http://shribahubali.org/ Shri Bahubali]

{{Jain Gods}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain saints]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:People in Jain texts]]
[[Category:God in Jainism]]

Bahubali - Revision history

Bhargava1920 at 10:58, 14 January 2026