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{{Short description|Hindu festival commemorating the victory of Vishnu over Mahabali}}
{{Italics title}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Bali-pratipada, Bali padyami
| type = Hindu
| image = 033-vamana.jpg
| caption = Vamana (blue faced dwarf) in the court of King Bali (Raja Bali, right seated) seeking alms
| date = Kartika 1 ([[Hindu_calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) <br> Kartika 16 ([[Hindu_calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)
| date2020 = Monday, 16 November<ref>[https://www.bseindia.com/static/markets/marketinfo/listholi.aspx BSE India], India Financial Market Holidays (2020)</ref>
| observances = Festival of lights as celebration of return of Mahabali to earth for a day
| relatedto = [[Diwali]]
| frequency = Annual
| duration = 1 day (4th day of Diwali)
| observedby = Hindus
| nickname = Bali Padwa ([[Maharashtra]]), Bali Padyami ([[Andhra Pradesh]]), ([[Karnataka]]), Barlaj ([[Himachal Pradesh]]), Raja Bali ([[Jammu]]), Gujarati New Year (Bestu Varas), Marwari New Year
| date2024 = 2 November
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}'''Balipratipada''' (''{{IAST|Bali-pratipadā}}''), also called as '''''Bali-Padyami''''', '''''Padva''''', '''''Virapratipada''''' or '''''Dyutapratipada''''', is the fourth day of [[Diwali]], the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] festival of lights.<ref name="BhagavanZelliot2008">{{cite book|author1=Manu Belur Bhagavan|author2=Eleanor Zelliot|author3=Anne Feldhaus|title='Speaking Truth to Power': Religion, Caste, and the Subaltern Question in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3zXAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-569305-8|pages=94–103}}</ref><ref name=kanev5>{{cite book|author=PV Kane|title=History of Dharmasastra, Volume 5 Part 1| url=https://archive.org/details/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw | publisher= Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute| year= 1958 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/KhistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLaw/page/n214 201]–206}}</ref> It is celebrated in honour of the notional return of the [[daitya]]-king [[Mahabali|Bali]] (Mahabali) to earth. Balipratipada falls in the [[Gregorian calendar]] months of October or November. It is the first (or 16th) day of the [[Hindu Calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] and is the first day of its [[Paksha#Shukla_Paksha|bright lunar fortnight]].<ref name=Rama>{{cite book|last= Ramakrishna|first= H. A.|author2=H. L. Nage Gowda|title= Essentials of Karnataka folklore: a compendium|work=Balipadyami|page=258|access-date=2009-10-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfqAAAAAMAAJ&q=Balipadyami|publisher= Karnataka Janapada Parishat|year= 1998}}</ref><ref name =Devi>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first= Konduri Sarojini|title= Religion in Vijayanagara Empire|work=Balipadyami|page=277|access-date=2009-10-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bali+Padyami|publisher= Sterling Publishers|year=1990|isbn= 9788120711679}}</ref><ref name=Hebbar>{{Cite book|last=Hebbar|first= B. N.|title= The Śrī-Kṛṣṇa Temple at Uḍupi: the historical and spiritual center of the ...|work=Balipadyami|page=237|access-date=2009-10-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Balipadyami|publisher= Bharatiya Granth Niketan|year=2005|isbn=978-81-89211-04-2}}</ref> In many parts of India such as Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is the regional [[Indian New Year's days|traditional New Year Day]] in [[Vikram Samvat]] and also called the '''Bestu Varas''' or ''Varsha Pratipada''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Bestu-Varas-For-Gujratis-celebrations-continue-the-day-after-Diwali-too/articleshow/10494628.cms Bestu Varas: For Gujratis celebrations continue the day after Diwali too], The Times of India (October 25, 2011)</ref><ref name="Gnanambal1969p5"/> This is the half amongst the three and a half Muhūrtas in a year.

Balipratipada is an ancient festival. The earliest mention of Bali's story being acted out in dramas and poetry of [[ancient India]] is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' of Patanjali on [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s ''Astadhyayi'' 3.1.26.<ref name=kanev5/> The festival has links to the Vedic era sura-asura [[Samudra Manthan|Samudra Manthana]] that revealed goddess Lakshmi and where Bali was the king of the ''[[asura]]s''.<ref name="Pintchman2005p63">{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman|title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KcEotmV2MAC&pg=PA62 |year=2005|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6595-0|pages=63–64}}</ref> The festivities find mention in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'',<ref name=kanev5/> the ''[[Ramayana]]'',<ref name =Narayan/> and several major [[Puranas]], such as the ''[[Brahma Purana]]'', ''[[Kurma Purana]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and others.<ref name=kanev5/>

Balipratipada commemorates the annual return of Bali to earth and the victory of [[Vamana]], the dwarf avatar of the god [[Vishnu]]. It marks the victory of Vishnu over Bali and all asuras, through his metamorphosis into Vamana-Trivikrama.<ref name="BhagavanZelliot2008" /> At the time of his defeat, Bali was already a Vishnu-devotee and a benevolent ruler over a peaceful, prosperous kingdom.<ref name="kanev5" /> Vishnu's victory over Bali using "three steps" ended the war.<ref name="Rama" /><ref name="Narayan">{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=R.K|title= The Ramayana: a shortened modern prose version of the Indian epic |work= Mahabali story|pages= 14–16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv-BdsLrX0wC |publisher= Penguin Classics|year=1977|isbn=978-0-14-018700-7}}</ref> According to Hindu scriptures, Bali asked for and was granted the boon by Vishnu, whereby he returns to earth once a year when he will be remembered and worshipped, and reincarnate in a future birth as [[Indra]].<ref name=kanev5/><ref name="Bonnefoy1993p84">{{cite book|author=Yves Bonnefoy|title=Asian Mythologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC |year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-06456-7|pages=84–85}}</ref><ref name=williams>{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |year=1981|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-06498-2|page=70}}</ref>

Balipratipada or Padva is traditionally celebrated with decorating the floor with colorful images of Bali – sometimes with his wife Vindyavati,<ref name="Gnanambal1969p5"/> of nature's abundance, a shared feast, community events and sports, drama or poetry sessions. In some regions, rice and food offerings are made to recently dead ancestors (shraddha), or the horns of cows and bulls are decorated, people gamble, or icons of Vishnu avatars are created and garlanded in addition.<ref name=kanev5/><ref name=williams/><ref name="Gnanambal1969p5">{{cite book|author=K. Gnanambal|title=Festivals of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UneCAAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |pages=5–17}}</ref><ref name="Vaswani2017">{{cite book|author=J. P. Vaswani|title=Dasavatara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 |year=2017|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-93-86867-18-6|pages=73–77}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
Balipratipada ({{langx|sa|बालि प्रतिपदा}}, {{langx|mr|बळी-प्रतिपदा}} or {{IAST|Pāḍvā}} पाडवा, {{langx|kn|ಬಲಿ ಪಾಡ್ಯಮಿ}} or {{IAST|Bali Pāḍyami}}) is a compound word consisting of "Bali" (a mythical daitya king, also known as Mahabali)<ref name="Dalal2010p214">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|pages=214–215}}</ref> and "pratipada" (also called ''padva'', means occasion, commence, first day of a lunar fortnight).<ref>{{cite book|author=P. Prabhu|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZJIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA238 |year=1885|publisher=Government central Press|pages=238–239}}</ref> It is also called the Akashadipa (lights of the sky).{{cn|date=January 2020}}

==Texts==
The Balipratipada and Bali-related scripture is ancient. The earliest mention of Bali's story is found in the c. 2nd-century BCE ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'' of Patanjali on [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s ''Astadhyayi'' 3.1.26. It states that "Balim bandhayati" refers to a person reciting the Bali legend or acting it out on a stage. This, states P.V. Kane – a Sanskrit literature scholar, attests that the "imprisonment of Bali" legend was well known by the 2nd-century BCE in forms of drama and poetry in [[ancient India]].<ref name="kanev5" /> According to Tracy Pintchman – an Indologist, the festival has links to the [[Samudra Manthan|Samudra Manthana]] legend found in Vedic texts. These describe a cosmic struggle between ''suras'' and ''asuras'', with Mahabali as the king of the ''[[asura]]s''. It is this legendary churning of cosmic ocean that created Lakshmi – the goddess worshipped on Diwali. The remembrance and festivities associated with Lakshmi and Mahabali during Diwali are linked.<ref name="Pintchman2005p63" />

The festivities related to Bali and Balipratipada find mention in the ''Vanaparva'' 28.2 of the ''Mahabharata'',<ref name="kanev5" /> the ''Ramayana'',<ref name="Narayan" /> and several major [[Puranas]], such as the ''Brahma purana'' (chapter 73), ''Kurma purana'' (chapter 1), ''Matsya purana'' (chapters 245 and 246), and others.<ref name="kanev5" /><ref name="Soifer1991p193">{{cite book|author=Deborah A. Soifer|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC |year=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0799-8|pages=Appendix II (193–274)}}</ref>

The Hindu text ''Dharmasindhu'' in its discussions of Diwali states that day after the Diwali night, Balipratipada is one of three most auspicious dates in the year.<ref name="kanev5" /> It recommends an oil bath and a worship of Bali. His icon along with his wife's should be drawn on the floor with five colored powder and flowers.<ref name="kanev5" /> Fruits and food should be offered to Bali, according to ''Bhavisyottra'', and drama or other community spectacles should be organized.<ref name="kanev5" /> The Hindu texts suggest that the devout should light lamps, wear new clothes, tie auspicious threads or wear garland, thank their tools of art, decorate and pray before the cows and bulls, organize delightful community sports (''kaumudi-mahotsava'') in temple or palace grounds such as pulling [[Tug of war|tug-of-war]] ropes.<ref name="kanev5" />

==Legend==
[[File:Badami Cave Temples 22.jpg|thumb|7th-century Trivikrama-Vamana. The central figure is of Vamana as Trivikrama covering the worlds in his three steps. At his foot, Bali (right) can be seen promising Vamana with a parasol, promising the donation of three steps.]]

[[Mahabali|Bali]] was Prahlada's grandson. He came to power by defeating the gods ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]), and taking over the three worlds. Bali, an [[Asura]] king was well known for his bravery, uprightness and dedication to god Vishnu. Bali had amassed vast territories and was invincible. He was benevolent and popular, but his close associates weren't like him. They were constantly attacking the ''suras'' ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s) and plundering the gods who stood for righteousness and justice.<ref name="Raghavendra">{{Cite book|last= Raghavendra|first= T.N.|title= Vishnu Sahasranama |work=Om Vamanaya namah|year= 2002|pages=233–235|access-date=2009-10-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EAjre2OxyvIC&pg=PA235 |publisher= SRG Publishers|isbn=978-81-902827-2-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|pages=214–215}}</ref>

According to [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] scriptures, Indra and the defeated ''suras'' approached [[Vishnu]] for help in their battle with Bali.<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|page=900}}</ref> Vishnu refused to join the gods in violence against Bali, because Bali was a good ruler and his own devotee. But, instead of promising to kill Bali, Vishnu promised to use a novel means to help the ''suras''.<ref name="Dalal2010p214" /><ref name="Dalal2010p229">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=229–230}}</ref>

Bali announced that he will perform ''[[Yajna]]'' (homa sacrifices) and grant anyone any gift they want during the ''Yajna''. Vishnu took the avatar of a dwarf Brahmin called ''Vamana'' and approached Bali.<ref name="Raghavendra" /><ref name="Sharma1996p54" /> The king offered anything to the boy – gold, cows, elephants, villages, food, whatever he wished. The boy said that one must not seek more than one needs, and all he needs is the property right over a piece of land that measures "three paces". Bali agreed.<ref name="Melton2011p659" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Nanditha Kirshna|title=Book of Vishnu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIFFEJXx7L8C |year=2009|publisher= Penguin Books|isbn=978-81-8475-865-8|pages=58–59}}</ref> The Vamana grew to enormous proportions, metamorphosing into the Trivikrama form, and covered everything Bali ruled over in just two paces. For the third pace, Bali offered his own head to Vishnu who pushed him into the realm of [[Patala]] (nether world).<ref name="Narayan" /><ref name="Dalal2010p229" />

Pleased with the dedication and integrity of Bali, Vishnu granted him a boon that he could return to earth for one day in a year to be with his people, be worshipped and be a future Indra.<ref name="kanev5" /> It is this day that is celebrated as the Bali Padyami, the annual return of Bali from the netherworld to earth.<ref name="Singhal">{{cite book|last=Singhal|first= Jwala Prasad|title= The Sphinx speaks|work=balipadyami|page=92|access-date=2009-10-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgFAAAAMAAJ&q=Balipadyami|publisher= Sadgyan Sadan|year=1963}}</ref>

Another version of the legend states that after Vamana pushed Bali below ground (''patalaloka''), at the request of [[Prahlada]] (described as a great devotee of Vishnu), the grandfather of Bali, Vishnu pardoned Bali and made him the king of the netherworld. Vishnu also granted the wish of Bali to return to earth for one day marked by festivities and his worship.{{cn|date=January 2020}}

==Festivities==
[[File:Rangoli with lights in Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rangoli]] with lights in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]]]
The rituals observed on the Bali Padyami day have variations from state to state. In general, on this festival day, Hindus exchange gifts, as it is considered a way to please Bali and the gods. After the ceremonial ''Oil Bath'', people wear new clothes. The main hall of the house or the space before the door or gate is decorated with a [[Rangoli]] or [[Kolam]] drawn with powder of rice in different colours, thereafter Bali and his wife Vindhyavali are worshipped. Some build Bali icons out of clay or cow dung. In the evening, as night falls, door sills of every house and temple are lighted with lamps arranged in rows. Community sports and feasts are a part of the celebrations.<ref name="kanev5" /><ref name="Sharma1996p54">{{cite book|author=Arvind Sharma|title=Hinduism for our times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVsqAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=54–56|isbn=9780195637496}}</ref>

Some people gamble with a game called ''pachikalu'' (dice game), which is linked to a legend. It is believed that god [[Shiva]] and his consort [[Parvati]] played this game on this festival day when Parvati won. Following this, their son [[Kartikeya]] played with Parvati and defeated her. Thereafter, his brother, the elephant-headed god of wisdom [[Ganesha]] played with him and won the dice game. But now this gambling game is played only by family members, symbolically, with cards.{{cn|date=January 2020}}[[File:Lanterns at padva musical concert.jpg|thumb|Balipratipada is also called Padva, and community cultural events are a part of its celebrations in western states of India; above a musical concert.]]
The farming community celebrates this festival, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, by performing ''Kedaragauri vratam'' (worship of goddess KedaraGauri – a form of Parvati), ''Gopuja'' (worship of cow), and ''Gouramma puja'' (worship of Gauri – another form of Parvati). Before worship of cows, on this day, the ''goushala'' (cowshed) is also ceremoniously cleaned. On this day, a triangular shaped image of Bali, made out of cow-dung is placed over a wooden plank designed with colourful Kolam decorations and bedecked with [[Tagetes|marigold]] flowers and worshipped.<ref name=Hebbar/>

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
Bali Pratipada is also known as ''Barlaj'' in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. ''Barlaj'' is corruption of word ''Bali Raj.'' [[Vishnu]] and his devotee [[Mahabali|Bali]] is worshipped on this day.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Registrar|first1=India Office of the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAkdAQAAMAAJ&q=Barlaj++Vishnu|title=Census of India, 1961: Himachal Pradesh|last2=General|first2=India Office of the Registrar|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref> Bali, the grandson of [[Prahlada]] is believed to visit earth on this day. Folk songs of [[Vamana]] are also sung this day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kumar Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBvaAAAAMAAJ&q=Barlaj+|title=The Mahābhārata in the Tribal and Folk Traditions of India|date=1993|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study and Anthropological Survey of India, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85952-17-8|language=en}}</ref> Farmers do not use plough on this day and artisans worship their tools and implements on this day in honour of [[Vishvakarman|Vishvakarma]]. ''Ekaloo'', a rice flour based dish is prepared on this day.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Registrar|first1=India Office of the|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAkdAQAAMAAJ&q=Ekaloo|title=Census of India, 1961: Himachal Pradesh|last2=General|first2=India Office of the Registrar|date=1962|publisher=Manager of Publications|language=en}}</ref>

=== Jammu division ===
This day is simply known as ''Raja Bali'' in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] region. Women prepare murtis of ''Raja Bali'' using wheat dough and later on ''Bali Puja'' is performed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2AMhbqwbscC&q=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF|title=Hamārā sāhitya|date=2008|publisher=Lalitakalā, Saṃskṛti, va Sāhitya Akādamī, Jammū-Kaśmīra.|language=hi}}</ref> These murtis are then immersed in water after [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]].

==Related festivals==
[[Onam]] is a major festival of Kerala based on the same scriptures, but observed in August–September. In the contemporary era, it commemorates Mahabali. Celebrations include a vegetarian feast, gift giving, parades featuring Bali and Vishnu avataras, floor decorations and community sports.<ref name= Fuller>{{Cite book|last= Fuller|first= Christopher John|title= The everyday state and society in modern India |work= Mahabali and Vamana|pages=140–142|access-date=2009-10-08|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P55V5gQkljUC&pg=PA140 |publisher= C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-85065-471-1}}</ref><ref name="Melton2011p659">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=659–670}}</ref> According to A.M. Kurup, the history of Onam festival as evidenced by literature and inscriptions found in Kerala suggest "Onam was a temple-based community festival celebrated over a period".<ref name=amkurup/> The festivities of Onam are found in ''[[Maturaikkāñci]]'' – a Sangam era Tamil poem, which mentions the festival being celebrated in Madurai temples with games and duels in temple premises, oblations being sent to the temples, people wore new clothes and feasted.<ref name=amkurup/> The 9th-century ''Pathikas and Pallads'' by Saint Sage Periyalawar, according to Kurup, describes Onam celebrations and offerings to Vishnu, mentions feasts and community events.<ref name=amkurup/> Several inscriptions from 11th and 12th-century in Hindu temples such as the [[Thrikkakara Temple]] (Kochi, dedicated to Vamana) and the [[Sreevallabha Temple]] (Tiruvalla, dedicated to Vishnu) attest to offerings dedicated to Vamana on Onam.<ref name=amkurup>{{cite journal| title= The Sociology of Onam| author= A.M. Kurup| year=1977| journal= Indian Anthropologist| volume=7| number=2| pages= 95–110| jstor= 41919319}}</ref> In contemporary Kerala, the festival is observed by both Hindus and non-Hindus,<ref name="Osella">{{cite book |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |editor1-last=Fuller |editor1-first=Christopher John |editor2-last=Bénéï |editor2-first=Véronique |title=The Everyday State and Society in Modern India |year=2001 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-1850654711 |pages=137–139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P55V5gQkljUC}}</ref> with the exception of Muslims among whom isolated celebration is observed.<ref name="OsellaOsella2008">{{cite journal|last1=Osella|first1=Caroline |last2=Osella|first2=Filippo |title=Food, Memory, Community: Kerala as both 'Indian Ocean' Zone and as Agricultural Homeland|journal=Journal of South Asian Studies| volume=31| issue=1|year=2008| pages=170–198 |doi=10.1080/00856400701877232|s2cid=145738369 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5174/1/CSAS_A_287892_Osella_paper.pdf }}, Quote: "Onam is of course not celebrated by Muslims; for it commemorates the victory of the Hindu demon king Mahabali who, in Hindu lore, founded Kerala. Contemporary Islamic reformist ulema even advise Muslims to refuse invitations from Hindu neighbours who may wish to call them to eat on Thiruvonam. From the outset, then, this Muslim family’s plan to make an Onam feast had the air of a daring and naughty secret."</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mahabali]]
*[[Onam]]
*[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author=Deborah A. Soifer|title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC |year=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0799-8}}

{{New Year by Calendar}}
{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Diwali]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Balipratipada - Revision history

Dranvesh at 08:16, 3 December 2024