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{{Short description|Missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath}}
{{About||self-navigating guided constant-speed missiles|Cruise missile}}
[[File:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Minuteman-III [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] launch sequence: {{ubl
|1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its first-stage boost motor (''A'').
|2. About 60 seconds after launch, the first-stage drops off and the second-stage motor (''B'') ignites. The missile shroud (''E'') is ejected.
|3. About 120 seconds after launch, the third-stage motor (''C'') ignites and separates from the second stage.
|4. About 180 seconds after launch, third-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (''D'') separates from the rocket.
|5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
|6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed.
|7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds.
|8. The nuclear warheads detonate.}}]]

A '''ballistic missile''' is a type of [[missile]] that follows a [[Projectile motion|ballistic trajectory]] and is powered only during a relatively brief initial period—most of the flight is unpowered. [[Short-range ballistic missiles]] (SRBM) typically stay within the [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]], while most larger missiles travel outside the atmosphere. The type of ballistic missile with the greatest range is an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM). The largest ICBMs are capable of full orbital flight.

These missiles are in a distinct category from [[cruise missile]]s, which are [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamically]] guided in powered flight and thus restricted to the atmosphere.

== History ==
{{Further|History of rockets|Ballistics}}{{Expand section|date=June 2025|small=no}}[[File:Fusée V2.jpg|upright|thumb|Replica [[V-2]]]]One modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4,<ref>{{cite book | last = Zaloga | first = Steven | title = V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | location = Reading | year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 3] | isbn = 978-1-84176-541-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newvanguard8200stev/page/3 }}</ref> commonly known as the [[V-2 rocket|V-2]], developed by [[Nazi Germany]] in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of [[Wernher von Braun]]. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against [[Paris]], followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched.<ref name="num_fired">{{cite book| author=Clayton K. S. Chun| title=Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles| publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2006| page=54}}</ref> In addition to its use as a weapon, a [[MW 18014|vertically launched V-2]] became the first human-made object to reach [[outer space]] on June 20, 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|title=Peenemuende|last=Wade|first=Mark|website=[[Astronautix.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425131553/http://astronautix.com/chrono/19442.htm|archivedate=2005-04-25|url-status=dead|accessdate=2019-06-07}}</ref>

The [[R-7 Semyorka]] was the first [[intercontinental ballistic missile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Launching The Space Age |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/space-race/online/sec200/sec250.htm#:~:text=R-7:%20THE%20WORLD%27S%20FIRST,hurl%20a%20spacecraft%20into%20orbit. |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref>

The [[Minuteman III]] was the first ICBM equipped with a [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|Multiple Independently targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)]] to enter service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIRV missiles |url=https://learnfinite.com/ca/mirv-missiles |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=learnfinite.com}}</ref>

The [[October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel|largest ballistic missile attack in history]] took place on 1 October 2024 when the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guard]] launched about 200 missiles at [[Israel]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=6 October 2024 |title=How effective was Iran's attack? The Israeli public doesn't have the full picture |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-effective-was-irans-attack-the-israeli-public-doesnt-have-the-full-picture/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> a distance of about 1,500 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=What to Know About Iran's Ballistic Missile Attacks and Israel's Efforts to Defend Itself {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/what-to-know-about-irans-ballistic-missile-attacks-and-israels-efforts-to-defend-itself |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.ajc.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-largest-missile-battle-in-history-the-iron-dome-was-not-involved/ar-AA1rxYii |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance from Jerusalem, Israel to Tehran, Iran |url=https://www.geodatos.net/en/distances/from-jerusalem-to-tehran |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.geodatos.net}}</ref> The missiles arrived about 15 minutes after launch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What we know about Iran's latest missile attack on Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70w1j0l488o |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.bbc.com |date=3 October 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is believed that Iran's [[Fattah-1 (missile)|Fattah-1]] and Kheybar Shekan missiles were used, which both have a range of about 1,400 km.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doyle |first=Gerry |date=2 October 2024 |title=Iranian missile strike on Israel shows capability for greater scale, complexity |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-missile-strike-israel-shows-capability-greater-scale-complexity-2024-10-02/ |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

[[File:Minuteman III diagram.png|thumb|Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM]]

== Flight ==

In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high [[sub-orbital spaceflight]]; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude ([[apogee]]) reached during free-flight is about {{convert|4500|km|mi|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=28 November 2017 |title=North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42160227 |access-date= |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ballistic missile's [[trajectory]] consists of three parts or [[Ballistic missile flight phases|phases]]: the boost phase, the mid-course phase and the terminal phase. Special systems and capabilities are required to facilitate the successful passage from one phase to the other.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, CN. |page=2}}</ref>

The boost phase is the [[powered flight]] portion, beginning with the ignition of the engines and concluding with the end of powered flight. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple [[rocket]] stages.<ref name=":1" /> Internal computers keep the missile aligned on a preprogrammed trajectory.<ref name=":4" /> On [[Multistage rocket|multi-stage missiles]], stage separation (excluding any post-boost vehicles or [[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]] bus) occurs primarily during the boost phase.

The mid-course phase is the longest in the missile's trajectory, beginning with the conclusion of powered flight. When the fuel is exhausted, no more [[thrust]] is provided and the missile enters free flight. During this phase the missile, now largely consisting of a [[warhead]] or payload and possibly defensive countermeasures and small propulsion systems for further alignment toward its target, will reach its [[Apogee|highest altitude]] and may travel in space for thousands of kilometres (or even indefinitely, in the case of some [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System|fractional-orbital]] capable systems) at speeds of up to {{convert|7.5|to|10|km/s|nmi/s|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chun |first=Clayton K. S. |title=Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles |date=2006 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-275-98577-6 |series=War, technology, and history |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=4}}</ref>

The last phase in the missile's trajectory is the terminal or re-entry phase, beginning with the [[Atmospheric reentry|re-entry of the missile into the Earth's atmosphere]] (if [[exoatmospheric]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=McFadden |first=Christopher |title=What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work? |date=4 December 2017 |url=https://interestingengineering.com/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> where atmospheric [[Drag (physics)|drag]] plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile [[Impact force|impact]].<ref name=":1" /> Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of {{convert|6-8|km/s|km/h mph|sp=us}} at intercontinental ballistic missile ranges.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=June 2017 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee}}</ref> During the beginning of this phase, the missile's trajectory is still relatively well defined, though as the missile reaches the heavier layers of atmosphere it is increasingly influenced by gravity and aerodynamic drag, which can affect its landing.<ref name=":5" />

== Types ==
[[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Trident II]] SLBM launched by [[ballistic missile submarine]]]]

Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., [[transporter erector launcher]]s), [[aircraft]], [[Navy|ships]], and [[submarine]]s. Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:

*[[Tactical ballistic missile]] (TBM): Range less than {{convert|300|km}}
*[[Short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM): Range from {{convert|300|to|1000|km}}
*[[Medium-range ballistic missile]] (MRBM): Range from {{convert|1000|to|3500|km}}
*[[Intermediate-range ballistic missile]] (IRBM): Range from {{convert|3500|to|5500|km}}
*[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM): Range greater than {{convert|5500|km}}

Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver [[nuclear weapon]]s because their [[payload]] is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional [[bomber aircraft]].

== Quasi-ballistic missiles ==

A quasi-ballistic missile is a category of [[SRBM]] that is largely ballistic but is fully guided and can perform maneuvers throughout the entirety of atmospheric flight to make unexpected changes in direction and range.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delory |first=Stéphane |date=January 2020 |title=Ballistic missiles and conventional strike weapons: Adapting the HCoC to address the dissemination of conventional ballistic missiles |url=https://www.nonproliferation.eu/hcoc/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Ballistic-missiles-and-conventional-strike-weapons.pdf |website=Nonproliferation.eu |publisher=Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique |quote=Quasi-ballistic flight within the atmosphere requires permanent guidance of the missile during its flight and therefore real-time calculation of the vehicle’s aerodynamic behaviour.}}</ref> Large guided [[MLRS]] rockets with range comparable to an SRBM are sometimes categorized as quasi-ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=625&h=MLRS-for-Army-and-Indigenous-Capability|website=SPS Land Forces|title=MLRS For Army and Indigenous Capability}}</ref>

=== List of quasi-ballistic missiles ===
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2020}}

;{{flag|India}}

*[[Long Range – Anti Ship Missile (India)|Long Range – Anti Ship Missile]] (under development)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2026-01-29 |title=India showcases first Hypersonic Anti-Ship Missile System in national parade |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129170623/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/01/india-showcases-first-hypersonic-anti-ship-missile-system-in-national-parade/ |archive-date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
;{{flag|Israel}}
*[[LORA (missile)|LORA]] (active)
;{{flag|United States}}
*[[MGM-140 ATACMS]] (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile |url=https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=www.militarytoday.com |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027055918/https://www.militarytoday.com/missiles/atacms.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Precision Strike Missile]] (active)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/precision-strike-missile.html |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Lockheed Martin |language=en}}</ref>

== Hypersonic ballistic missile ==
{{Main|Hypersonic glide vehicle}}

Many ballistic missiles reach [[hypersonic speed]]s (i.e. [[Mach number|Mach]] 5 and above) when they re-enter the atmosphere from space. However, in common military terminology, the term "hypersonic ballistic missile" is generally only given to those that can be maneuvered before hitting their target and do not follow a simple [[ballistic trajectory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/national-pride-stake-russia-china-united-states-race-build-hypersonic-weapons |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gale |first=Alastair |title=What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hypersonic-missiles-11643688227 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=WSJ.com |date=February 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Throw-weight ==

Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile [[payload]]s. It is measured in [[kilogram]]s or [[tonne]]s. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's [[warhead]]s, [[reentry vehicle]]s, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, [[penetration aids]], and any other components that are part of the delivered payload, and not of the rocket itself (such as the launch [[Booster (rocketry)|rocket booster]] and launch fuel).<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 1991 |title=What is throw weight? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=10, Sec. A}}</ref> Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to [[fission bomb|nuclear]] or [[thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear]] payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.

Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref>James John Tritten, [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html Throw-Weight and Arms Control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235939/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1982/nov-dec/tritten.html |date=2007-11-23 }}, ''Air University Review'', Nov-Dec 1982.</ref> The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html What Is Throw-Weight?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000600/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html |date=2022-11-26 }}, New York Times, July 15, 1991.</ref>

The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian [[SS-18]] and Chinese [[DF-5|CSS-4]] and {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, Russia was developing a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM called the [[RS-28 Sarmat|Sarmat]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Depressed trajectory ===
[[File:FobsEnglishTrans.svg|thumb|400px|Example of depressed trajectory: [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System]]]]
Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal [[ballistic trajectory]] from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. A "minimum-energy trajectory" maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available [[impulse (physics)|impulse]] of the missile.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Druckmann |first1=Erez |last2=Ben-Asher |first2=Joseph |date=28 Aug 2012 |title=Optimal In-flight Trajectory Modifications for Ballistic Missiles and Rockets |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.54538?journalCode=jgcd |journal=Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=462 |doi=10.2514/1.54538 |via=Aerospace Research Central|url-access=subscription }}</ref> By reducing the payload weight, different trajectories can be selected, which can either increase the nominal range or decrease the total time in flight.

A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems by reducing the time available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems) or a nuclear [[first-strike]] scenario.<ref>Science & Global Security, 1992, Vol. 3, pp.101–159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities [http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318120315/http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf|date=2013-03-18}}</ref> An alternate, non-military purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the [[spaceplane]] concept with use of [[airbreathing jet engine]]s, which requires the ballistic missile to remain low enough inside the atmosphere for air-breathing engines to function.

In contrast, a "lofted" trajectory is frequently used for testing purposes, as it reduces the range of the missile (allowing for a controlled and observed impact), as well as signals a lack of hostile intention with the test.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-16 |title=Why North Korea's missile tests are going higher and further |url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/NORTHKOREA-MISSILES/TESTING/byvrllmjmve/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Combat use ==
The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:

* [[Ghadr-110]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2023/10/little-and-large-missile-surprises-in-sanaa-and-tehran/ | title=Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran }}</ref>
* [[LORA (missile)|LORA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36877/video-points-to-azerbaijans-first-use-of-israeli-made-ballistic-missile-against-armenia|title = Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia| date=2 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/in-a-first-israel-shoots-down-a-ballistic-missile-in-space-20231106-p5ehs1.html |title=In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space |date=5 November 2023 }}</ref>
* [[MGM-140 ATACMS]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Key Russian air defence system hit in Ukraine Atacms strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr4ly626evlo |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[OTR-21 Tochka]]
* [[Qaher-1]]/2M<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/03/a-peek-inside-houthi-rebels-recent-missile-strikes-in-saudi-arabia.php|title = A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | website=FDD's Long War Journal |date = 28 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Scud missile|Scud]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapons - Ss-1 Scud {{!}} The Gulf War {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/weapons/scud.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>
* [[V-2 rocket|V-2]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=V-2 Missile {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-surface-surface-v-2-4/nasm_A19600342000 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=airandspace.si.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Zolfaghar (missile)|Zolfaghar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Hits Syria With Ballistic Missiles {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211101120/https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-07/news-briefs/iran-hits-syria-ballistic-missiles |archive-date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.armscontrol.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kh-47M2 Kinzhal]]<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/01/china-evaluates-russias-use-of-hypersonic-daggers-in.html |title=China Evaluates Russia's Use of Hypersonic 'Daggers' in the Ukraine War |last1=Goldstein |first1=Lyle |last2=Waechter |first2=Nathan |date=2024-01-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Russia has used its hypersonic Oreshnik missile for the first time. What are its capabilities? |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-oreshnik-hypersonic-missile-putin-ukraine-war-345588a399158b9eb0b56990b8149bd9 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRV]]
*[[NATO reporting name]] (has lists of various Soviet missiles)
*[[Surface-to-surface missile]]
*[[Weapons of mass destruction]]
*[[List of currently active missiles of the United States military]]
*[[List of ICBMs]]
*[[List of missiles]]
*[[List of missiles by nation]]
*[[List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines]]
*[[Missile guidance]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==

*Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic''. Taipei: Caves Books.

== Further reading ==
* Bath, David W. ''Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force'' (Naval Institute Press, 2020) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58786 online book review]
*{{cite book| last =Futter| first =Andrew | title =Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War| publisher =[[Routledge]] | date =2013 | isbn =978-0-415-81732-5}}
*{{cite book| last =Neufeld|first = Jacob| title =The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960|publisher= Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force|date= 1990|isbn=0-912799-62-5 }}
*{{cite book| last1 = Swaine|first1 = Michael D. |first2=Rachel M. |last2=Swanger|first3=Takashi|last3= Kawakami|title= Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense| url = https://archive.org/details/japanballisticmi0000swai| url-access = registration|publisher= Rand|date= 2001|isbn=0-8330-3020-5}}

== External links ==
*[https://missilethreat.csis.org/ Missile Threat]: A Project of the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]

{{Missile types}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles| ]]
[[Category:German inventions of the Nazi period]]
[[Category:Wernher von Braun]]

Ballistic missile - Revision history

Brigette59K at 14:32, 28 March 2026