Ajay Kumar at 19:22, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T19:22:06Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = The Banu Fazāra<br />({{Lang-ar|بنو فزارة}})
| type = [[Ghatafan]]i Arab tribe
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| nisba =[[Al-Fazari]]
| location =
| descended = Fazāra ibn Dhubyān ibn Baghīd ibn Rayth ibn Ghaṭafān ibn Saʾd ibn Qays ʿAylān ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan
| parent_tribe = [[Dhubyan]] (patrilineal)<br />[[Banu Jusham|Jusham]] (matrilineal)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alnssabon.com/t8176.html|title=بنوجشم بن معاوية بن بكر بن هوازن - ..ٌ::ٌ:: النسابون العرب ::ٌ::ٌ}}</ref>
| branches = *Banu Shamkh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/9773/5172|title = ص153 - كتاب أنساب الأشراف للبلاذري - نسب بني فزارة بن ذبيان - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة}}</ref>
*Banu Uday
*Banu Mazen
*Banu Saad
*Banu Zalim
| religion = [[Islam]] (post 630s)
}}

The '''Banu Fazara''' or '''Fazzara''' or '''Fezara''' or '''Fezzara''' ({{Lang-ar|بنو فزارة|Banū Fazāra}}) were an [[Arab]] tribe whose original homeland was [[Najd]].

==Origins==
According to Arab genealogical tradition, the [[progenitor]] of the Banu Fazara was Fazāra ibn Dhubyān ibn Baghīd ibn Rayth ibn Ghaṭafān. Thus the tribe belonged to the [[Dhubyan]] branch of the [[Ghatafan]] tribe, making the Fazara a [[Adnanites|north Arabian tribe]].{{sfn|Watt|1991|p=873}} Its ancestral pasture grounds were in the Wadi al-Rumma region of the [[Najd]] in central Arabia.{{sfn|Watt|1991|p=873}}

==History==
In the [[pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic period]], the Fazara were known for their rivalry with the [[Banu Abs]], another branch of the Ghatafan. The two tribes fought against each other in the war of 'Dahis and Ghabra', so-called after the horses of the tribes' respective chiefs, Qays ibn Zuhayr ibn Jadhima of the Abs and Hudhayfa ibn Badr of the Fazara. According to the story of the war, the Fazara originally bested the Abs due to underhanded acts and the Abs retaliated by killing a brother of Hudhayfa. The latter, then his son Hisn, led the tribe during the long-running war. Peace was eventually established between the brother tribes, after which Fazara, under Hisn's son Uyayna, engaged in feuds with the [[Banu Amir]], the [[Banu Jusham]], and other groups.{{sfn|Watt|1991|p=873}}

The Fazara under Uyayna participated in the [[Quraysh]]ite siege of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] in [[Medina]] in 627. They later raided a Muslim expedition under [[Zayd ibn Haritha]], and in 628, supported the Jews of [[Khaybar]] against the Muslims. By 630, Uyayna made peace with Muhammad and participated in the Muslim victories at [[Conquest of Mecca|Mecca]] and [[Battle of Hunayn|Hunayn]]. A Fazara delegation submitted to Muhammad, but after his death in 632, broke off allegiance from the Muslims and joined the rebel chief [[Tulayha]] in the [[Ridda Wars]]. The Muslims defeated them and the Fazara submitted once again to Muslim rule.{{sfn|Watt|1991|p=873}}

In the modern day, the Fazara section of the [[Sudanese Arabs]] are camel-nomadic Arab tribes who live in the pastures of [[North Kordofan]]. They include the Shanabla, Majaneen, Bani-Jarrar, and Bani-Dhubian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacMichael |first1=Harold |title=A History of the Arabs in the Sudan And Some Account of the People who Preceded them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr |date=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511696947 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-arabs-in-the-sudan/414D48C9C92E472FEE003D0251381BE2}}</ref>

==Umm Qirfa==

Umm Qirfa Fatima<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-DXAAAAMAAJ|title=Muslim Women Mystics: The Life and Work of Rabi'a and Other Women Mystics in Islam|first=Margaret|last=Smith|date=30 July 2001|publisher=Oneworld Publications|page=151|isbn=9781851682508}}</ref> was a leader of the Banu Fazara Arab tribe from Wadi Al-Qura.{{fact|date=December 2021}}

Ancient genealogies described Umm Qirfa as a member of the Banu Fazara.{{Sfn|De Premare|1994|p=23}} She married into the Banu Badr.{{Sfn|De Premare|1994|p=23}} According to [[Ibn Ishaq]] and [[al-Tabari]], Umm Qirfa was wealthy.{{Sfn|De Premare|1994|p=23}} She was described as being an old woman with high social status and wife of Malik ibn Hudhayfa ibn Badr al-Fazari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ibn 'Abd Rabbih|title=The Unique Necklace, Volume 3|year=2012|publisher=UWA Publishing|isbn=9781859642405|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ9KCcDUBT4C&q=umm+qirfa&pg=PA6 |others=trans. Issa J. Boullata}}</ref>{{Sfn|De Premare|1994|p=23}} After her thirty horsemen were defeated by [[Zayd ibn Haritha]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX6sAAAACAAJ|title=The Sealed Nectar (Biography of the Prophet)|first=Safi-ur-Rahman|last=Mubarkpuri|date=5 August 2002|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page = 152|isbn=9781591440710}}</ref> [[Muhammad]] ordered Qirfa<ref name="Ishaq">{{Cite book|last1=Ibn Isḥāq|first1=Muḥammad|url=https://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/page/n356/mode/1up|title=The life of Muhammad: translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah|last2=Guillaume|first2=Alfred|date=5 August 1978|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=664-665|oclc=29863176}}</ref> or her children<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guillaume|first=Alfred|date=February 1956|title=A Note on the Sīra of Ibn Isḥāq|journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00122165|s2cid=171938473|issn=0041-977X}}</ref> to be slaughtered "by putting a rope into her two legs and to two camels and driving them until they rent her in two..."<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Al-Tabari: the Victory of Islam |translator=Michael Fishbein |publisher=SUNYP |year=1997 |pages=95–97}}</ref> Two of her limbs were torn in to two by four camels, her severed head was later paraded all over the streets of [[Medina]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Al-Nass Al-Muasas wa Mujtamauhu |first=Khalkl Abd al-Karim Manshurat |last=Al-Jamal |page=174}}</ref><ref name="Ishaq" />

{{Quote|Allah’s Messenger sent Zayd to Wadi Qura, where he encountered the Banu Fazarah. Some of his Companions were killed, and Zayd was carried away wounded. Ward was slain by the Banu Badr. When Zayd returned, he vowed that no washing should touch his head until he had raided the Fazarah. After he recovered, Muhammad sent him with an army against the Fazarah settlement. He met them in Qura and inflicted casualties on them and took Umm Qirfah prisoner. He also took Abdallah bin Mas’adah prisoner. Ziyad bin Harithah ordered Qays to kill Umm Qirfah, and he killed her cruelly. He tied each of her legs with a rope and tied the ropes to two camels, and they split her in two.|[[Al-Tabari]], Michael Fishbein - The History of al-Tabari, 8 (The Victory of Islam), SUNYP, pp. 95-97, 1997}}

In, [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri|Safi-Ur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri]] in his book ''[[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]]'' tells that Umm Qirfa wanted to kill Muhammad:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Prophet|publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications|year=2002|isbn=9781591440710|page=337|language=English}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=An expedition led by Abu Bakr As-Siddiq or Zaid bin Haritha was despatched to Wadi Al-Qura in Ramadan 6 Hijri after Fazara sect had made an attempt at the Prophet’s life. Following the Morning Prayer, the detachment was given orders to raid the enemy. Some of them were killed and others captured. Umm Qira’s attempt at the Prophet’s life recoiled on her, and the thirty horsemen she had gathered and sustained to implement her evil scheme were all killed.|author=Sheikh Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarkpuri|title=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Prophet|source=Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar – Biography Of The Noble Prophet [Revised Edition January 2002], page 337}}

<ref name="ebnmaryam">[https://www.ebnmaryam.com/vb/showthread.php?t=210709 www.ebnmaryam.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023020820/https://www.ebnmaryam.com/vb/showthread.php?t=210709|date=October 23, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite journal |last=De Premare |first=A.-L. |date=1994 |title=Umm Qirfa et Salmâ, et le mythe des peuples anéantis |journal=[[Journal asiatique]] |volume=282 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.2143/JA.282.1.2006115 |issn=1783-1504}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fazāra |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |editor=Lewis, B. |editor2=Pellat, Ch. |editor3=Schacht, J. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=new |volume=II: C–G |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and New York |year=1991 |orig-year=1965 |isbn=90-04-07026-5 |page=873}}

{{Historical Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Ghatafan|Fazara]]
[[Category:History of Nejd]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]

Banu Fazara - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 19:22, 28 September 2023