Ajay Kumar at 19:08, 28 September 2023

2023-09-28T19:08:54Z

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{{short description|Sub-tribe of the Quraysh Tribe}}
{{infobox tribe
| name = Banū Makhzūm<br>({{lang-ar|بنو مخزوم}})
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Quraysh]], [[Adnanites]]
| descended = Makhzum ibn Yaqaza
| location = [[Mecca]]
| nisba = Makhzūmī
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
The '''Banu Makhzum''' ({{Lang-ar|بنو مخزوم|Banū Makhzūm}}) was one of the wealthy clans of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]. They are regarded as being among the three most powerful and influential clans in [[Mecca]] before the advent of [[Islam]], the other two being the [[Banu Hashim]] (the tribe of the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]) and the [[Banu Umayya]].<ref name="Umayyad">{{cite book |last=Brill|first=E. J.|title=Umayyad and ʻAbbásids: Being the Fourth Part of Jurjí Zaydán's History of Islamic Civilization|volume=4|year=1907|publisher=Imprimerie Orientale}}</ref><ref name="Hi">{{cite book |last=ul-Haq|first=Mazhar|title=A Short History of Islam: From the Rise of Islam to the Fall of Baghdad, 571 A.D. to 1258 A.D|publisher=Bookland|year=1977}}</ref><ref name="Short">{{cite book |last=Brown|first=Jonathan A. C.|title= Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-151027-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JafXLrLiwYC&dq=banu+makhzum+hashim&pg=PT25}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-Islamic era===
The Banu Makhzum were a major clan of the larger [[Quraysh]] tribal grouping which dominated [[Mecca]].<ref name="Hinds137">Hinds, p. 137.</ref> Though in Arab genealogical tradition, there are some twenty branches descended from the progenitor Umar ibn Makhzum, the line of [[Al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah|al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum]] emerged as the principal family of the Banu Makhzum.<ref name="Hinds137"/> According to the historian [[Martin Hinds]], the "extent of the power and influence of Makhzum in Mecca during the 6th century A.D. cannot be established with any certainty".<ref name="Hinds137"/> Based on the traditional Arabic sources, they formed part of the Ahlaf ("allies") faction of the Quraysh alongside the clans of [[Abd al-Dar]], [[Banu Sahm]], [[Banu Jumah]] and [[Banu Adi]], in rivalry to the clans of the [[Banu Hashim]] and [[Banu Abd Shams]].<ref name="Hinds137"/> Toward the end of the 6th century, a scion of the Makhzum, Hisham ibn al-Mughira, grew to such prominence in Mecca that the Quraysh established a dating system that began with his death.<ref name="Hinds137"/> His family, the Banu Hisham, thenceforth became the leading house of the Mughira line of the Makhzum.<ref name="Hinds137"/> At the time, Hisham, his brothers al-Walid, Hashim and Abu Umayya and a number of their sons dominated Meccan trade with Yemen and Ethiopia.<ref>Hinds, pp. 137–138.</ref>

===Early Islamic era===
The Banu Makhzum were among the foremost opponents of the [[Islam]]ic prophet [[Muhammad]] in Mecca in the early 7th century.<ref name="Hinds138">Hinds, p. 138.</ref> One of their chieftains, [[Abu Jahl]], led Meccan opposition to the Muslims and organized a boycott of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, in circa 616–618.<ref name="Hinds138"/> The Muslims gained the advantage at the [[Battle of Badr]], inflicting heavy losses on the Makhzum, with seven or eight nobles from the al-Mughira line slain and a roughly equal number from other cadet lines of the clan.<ref name="Hinds138"/> The casualties the Makhzum sustained led to a significant weakening of their position in Mecca and they were passed in prominence by the Banu Abd Shams under the leadership of [[Abu Sufyan]]. At least three members of the Makhzum, all from cadet branches, fought alongside Muhammad at Badr, and by the time he launched his [[conquest of Mecca]] in January 630, several others had defected to him, including one of their eminent military commanders, [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], a grandson of al-Mughira.<ref name="Hinds138"/> Nonetheless, among the most ardent opponents of negotiations with Muhammad was [[Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl|Ikrima]], the son of Abu Jahl and principal leader of the clan.<ref name="Hinds138"/> Khalid participated in the city's conquest and Ikrima subsequently fled to Yemen.<ref name="Hinds138"/> The leaders who remained, i.e. [[al-Harith ibn Hisham]] of the al-Mughira line and Sa'id ibn Yarbu of the cadet branches, reconciled with Muhammad and the Banu Makhzum formed part of the nascent Muslim order.<ref name="Hinds138"/>

Muhammad died in 632 and Ikrima was meanwhile pardoned and played an active role, along with Khalid, in the suppression of the Arab tribes that defected from the Muslim state after Muhammad's death in the [[Ridda wars]] (632–633).<ref name="Hinds138"/> Ikrima later died fighting [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] forces, possibly at the [[Battle of Ajnadayn]], while other members of the Makhzum, [[al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya]] and Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'a ibn al-Mughira served various terms as governors of part or all of Yemen under the caliphs [[Abu Bakr]] ({{reign|632|634}}) and [[Umar]] ({{reign|634|644}}).<ref name="Hinds138"/> The most prominent role by a member of the Makhzum during this period was played by Khalid who scored key victories against [[Musaylima]] in the [[Al-Yamama|Yamama]] during the Ridda wars and against the Byzantines during the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslim conquest of Syria]] (634–638).<ref name="Hinds138"/> His son [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid|Abd al-Rahman]] was appointed governor of [[Jund Hims|Homs]] and the [[Upper Mesopotamia|Jazira]] and fought reputably against the Byzantines. The forty or so male descendants of Khalid died in a plague in Syria toward the end of [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] rule.<ref name="Hinds139">Hinds, p. 139.</ref>

==Genealogical tree of key members==
{{chart top|Abbreviated tree of the Banu Makhzum clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | ABA1 | | | | | | | | | | |ABA1=Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart| HIL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MUG |MUG=[[Al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah|Al-Mughira]]|HIL=Hilal}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart| ASD | | | | HIS1 | | | | ABR | | | | | | WAL1 | | | FAK | | | ABU |||HIS1=[[Hisham ibn al-Mughira|Hisham]] (d. 598)|ABR=Abu Rabi'a|WAL1=[[Al-Walid ibn al-Mughira|Al-Walid]] (d. 622)|FAK=Fakih|ABU=[[Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira|Abu Umayya]]|ASD=Abd al-Asad}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| ABS | | ABJ | | HAR | | AYY | | WAL2 | | | | | | KHA1 | | MUH1 | | UMS|~|MUHAMMAD|ABJ=[[Amr ibn Hisham|Amr (Abu Jahl)]] (d. 624)|HAR=[[Al-Harith ibn Hisham|Al-Harith]] (d. 639)|AYY=[[Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a|Ayyash]] (d. 636)|WAL2=[[Al-Walid ibn al-Walid|Al-Walid]] (d. 620s)|KHA1=[[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid]] (d. 642)|MUH1=[[Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya|Al-Muhajir]] ({{floruit|630–633}}|UMS=[[Umm Salama]] (d. 680s)|MUHAMMAD=[[Muhammad]] (Islamic prophet)|ABS=[[Abu Salama]]}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| UMR1| | IKR | | ABR1 | | | | ABA2 | | HIS2 | | ABR2 | | MUH2 |UMR1=Umar|IKR=[[Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl|Ikrima]] (d. 634 or 636)|ABR1=[[Al-Harith ibn Hisham#Descendants|Abd al-Rahman]]|ABA2=Abd Allah|HIS2=Hisham|ABR2=[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid|Abd al-Rahman]] (d. 666)|MUH2=[[Muhajir ibn Khalid|Muhajir]] (d. 657)}}
{{Tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| ZAY|y|MAR| | | | | | | | SAL | | ISM1 | | KHA2 | | KHA3 |ZAY=Zaynab|MAR=[[Marwan I]] (Umayyad caliph, 684–685)|SAL=Salama|ISM1=Isma'il|KHA2=Khalid ({{floruit|669}})|KHA3=Khalid}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | UMR2 | | | | | | | | | | AYB | | HIS3 |UMR2=[[Abd al-Malik ibn Umar ibn Marwan#Ancestry and early life|Umar]] (Umayyad prince)|AYB=Ayyub|HIS3=[[Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi|Hisham]] ({{floruit|691–706}})}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ISM2 | | IBR | | MUH | | KHA4 | | AIS|y|AMM|ISM2=Isma'il ({{floruit|763}}|IBR=[[Ibrahim ibn Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi|Ibrahim]] (d. 743)|MUH=Muhammad (d. 743)|KHA4=Khalid (d. 744)|AIS=A'isha|AMM=[[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] (Umayyad caliph, 685–705)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KHA5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HIS4 |KHA5=Khalid ({{floruit|763}})|HIS4=[[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] (Umayyad caliph, 724–743)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Notable members==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Fatimah bint Amr]], paternal grandmother of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]
*[[Amr ibn Hishām]], better known as "Abu Jahl"
*[[Walid ibn al-Mughira]]<ref name="Tabari39">{{cite book|last=al-Tabari|first=Muhammad ibn Jarir|others=Translated and annotated by Ella Landau-Tasseron|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors|date=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|pages=201–202}}</ref>
*[[Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya]], a [[Mother of the Believers]] (wife of the [[prophet Muhammad]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Shaykh|title=Encyclopedia of Muhammad's Women Companions and the Traditions They Relate|date=1998|publisher=ABC International Group|location=Chicago|isbn=1-871031-42-7|page=461 |author2=Hisham Kabbani |author3=Laleh Bakhtiar}}</ref>
*[[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], a [[Sahabi|companion]] of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=2}}</ref>
*[[Mughira ibn Abd-Allah]]<ref name="Tabari39" />
*[[Hisham ibn al-Mughirah]]<ref name="Saad">{{cite book |last=Ibn Sa'd|first=Muhammad|translator=Haq, S. M.|title=Tabaqat al-Kabir|volume=1|pages=142–143|publisher=Delhi: Kitab Bhavan}}</ref>
*[[Ibn Zaydún]], [[Arab]] [[poet]] of [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]] and [[Seville]]<ref name="Rosa">{{cite book |last1=Menocal|first1=Maria Rosa|last2=Scheindlin|first2=Raymond P.|last3=Sells|first3=Michael|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|year=2000|page=306|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-47159-1}}</ref>
*[[Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl]]
*[[Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya]]
*[[Abdulrahman bin Mullah Yousef Al Khalidi (known as: Sultan al olama)]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Tribes of Arabia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Akram |first=A. I. |title=The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns |edition=third |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-597714-9}}
*{{EI2 |article=Makhzum |last=Hinds |first=M. |authorlink=Martin Hinds |volume=6 |pages=137–140}}

{{Clans of Quraysh}}

[[Category:Banu Makhzum| ]]
[[Category:Arab groups]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia|Makhzum]]

Banu Makhzum - Revision history

Ajay Kumar at 19:08, 28 September 2023