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{{Short description|Durrani–Mughal battle in 1748}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Manupur
| place = Manupur, [[Mughal Empire]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|38|6|N|76|26|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| image = File:Muhammad Shah and the Mughal army at Sirhind (1748).jpg
| caption = [[Muhammad Shah]] and the [[Mughal army]] at Sirhind {{circa|1748}}
| date = 11 March 1748
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Amber|Kingdom of Jaipur]] [[Malerkotla State]]
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]] [[Muhammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan Shirazi]] Shah Pasand Khan
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]]{{KIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]]{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Safdar Jang]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Adina Beg Khan|Adina Beg]]{{WIA}} [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] Nasir Khan [[File:Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg|25px]] [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]]{{AWOL}} [[Ala Singh]] Jamal Khan
| units1 = 12,000 (highest estimate){{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}
| units2 = 60,000–70,000 combatants 200,000 including [[camp follower]]s (non-combatants){{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}} Immeasurable artillery
| casualties1 = Heavy{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}
| casualties2 = Heavy{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}
| campaignbox = {{Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}{{Battles of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
}}
The '''Battle of Manupur''' took place on 11 March 1748 between the forces of the rising [[Durrani Empire]] led by [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Afghan Emperor]] [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the armies of the [[Mughal Empire]] led by [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Mughal Vizier]] [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]]. It was part of Ahmad Shah's [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747–1748)|first invasion of India]]. The Afghans had successfully stormed through Mughal territories in Afghanistan and [[Punjab]], [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|defeating the Mughals at Lahore]]. The Mughals immediately began raising a stronger force, led by Qamar ud-Din and Mughal prince [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]], to oppose the Afghan invasion. The Afghans continued their offensive, seizing [[Sirhind]] before the two armies met at Manupur.

The Afghans were overwhelmingly outnumbered 5:1 as the battle began. Early on, Qamar ud-Din was killed, resulting in his son, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]], taking the lead of the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]]. The battle began with Afghan charges to the Mughal center, inflicting heavy casualties on them while the Mughals held. The Mughal left flank was entirely dismantled by Afghan [[Zamburak]] [[swivel guns]], with the [[Rajputs]] stationed there under [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] completely fleeing. The Afghans enveloped Moin ul-Mulk, who led a counter charge that led to many Mughal officers being killed, and their own defeat seeming near. A critical counter-attack by [[Safdar Jang]], alongside a rocket disaster in the Afghan ranks, and the superiority of Mughal numbers eventually forced the Afghans to retreat.

Despite the defeat, Ahmad Shah saved his army from massacre, and returned the following year in his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Second invasion of India (1748)|second invasion of India]], intending to avenge his defeat.

==Background==
{{main|Battle of Lahore (1748)}}
[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|left|Contemporary portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani|alt=A bearded man faces right]]
In 1747, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], considered by modern scholars to be the founder of modern Afghanistan,{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=51}} established the [[Durrani Empire]] and led his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#First Invasion (1747–1748)|first invasion of India]].{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=162}} He began his invasion from [[Kabul]], dispatching his [[commander-in-chief]], [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], toward [[Peshawar]] with the intention of advancing as far as [[Attock]]. Jahan Khan quickly overran [[Jalalabad]], and Nasir Khan, the Mughal governor, was unable mount a defense at the [[Khyber Pass]], fleeing instead. The Afghan armies approached Peshawar, prompting many [[Pashtun tribes]] to declare for them, such as the [[Yusufzai]], [[Afridi]], and [[Khattak]]. With Nasir Khan overwhelmed, he completely withdrew from Peshawar and fled to Delhi.{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=119}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=127}}

[[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shāh Nawāz Khān]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of the [[Punjab]], entered into correspondence with the Afghans after they had seized Peshawar. Shah Nawaz, having toppled his brother from power to assume control over the Punjab, was opposed by the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]], who refused to recognize him as governor. As a result, the Afghans promised to recognize Shah Nawaz as governor of the Punjab if he accepted Durrani [[suzerainty]]. Shah Nawaz accepted this before the Mughal [[Grand vizier|vizier]] promised to confirm him as governor if he opposed the Afghan invasion instead, which Shah Nawaz accepted.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=119–120}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=83}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=42–43}}

The betrayal saw Ahmad Shah dispatch Sabir Shah to try and convince Shah Nawaz once again. However, after insulting Shah Nawaz, Sabir was imprisoned and executed, and Shah Nawaz began marching against the Afghan army.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=250}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=120}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=128}} Ahmad Shah forded the [[Indus]] with over 30,000 men,{{sfn|Black|2012|p=79}} reaching and crossing the [[Ravi River]] on 10 January, establishing himself at the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], outside of [[Lahore]]. The armies of Shah Nawaz and Ahmad Shah began battle on 11 January, and as the battle began, the Afghan regiments of Shah Nawaz's army defected. Despite commanding a much larger army then the Afghans, the Mughals were defeated, and Shah Nawaz fled to [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=120–121}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=129}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=84}}

With their victory, the Afghans entered [[Lahore]], plundering the city and massacring its inhabitants. Thousands were also conscripted, while the Mughals began mobilizing new army of over 200,000 including camp followers. Ahmad Shah left Lahore on 19 February, intending to march on Delhi. He captured [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] and continued advancing, a result that brought much of the Mughal army to near desertion. The Afghan army outmaneuvered the Mughal host they met at Manupur.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=130–142}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=85–86}}

==Battle==
===Death of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din===
[[File:Itimad ad Daula, Qamar-ud-din.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Mughal Vizier Qamar ud-Din|alt=A bearded man facing right with a walking stick]]
Between 4 and 11 March, the Mughal forces under [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar ud-Din]] focused on trying to starve out Ahmad Shah's force rather than engage in a [[pitched battle]]. Local chiefs were employed such as [[Ala Singh]], the [[Maharaja of Patiala]], and Jamal Khan of [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]].{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=164}} However, success remained minimal, as the city of [[Sirhind]] behind Afghan lines was well supplied with food and water. Skirmishing parties dispatched by Ahmad Shah proved much more successful, effectively surrounding the Mughal camp. Ahmad Shah continued to press his advantages, bringing in an [[artillery]] piece from [[Lahore]] and placing it on top of a hill overlooking the Mughal camp on 9 March. The cannon began to tear apart the Mughal army and its pack animals, forcing Qamar ud-Din to resort to pitched battle.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=137}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=60–61}}

On the morning of 11 March, the Mughal army readied to advance, with Qamar ud-Din intending to lead the charge. However, while Qamar ud-Din was [[Salah|in prayer]], a [[cannonball]] struck him in the waist. Having possibly been accomplished through infiltration by spies and the measuring of the distance for a cannon to strike the vizier's tent. Qamar ud-Din died of his wounds. His son, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]], concealed the death and only informed his captains, intending to lead the battle himself.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=137–138}}

===Formations and number of troops===
The Mughal host boasted over 200,000 including its [[camp followers]], while it had around 60,000{{sfn|Adamec|2010|p=2}} to 70,000 combatants.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}} The [[advance guard]] of the Mughal formation was led by Moin ul-Mulk with a contingent of [[Turkish people|Turks]]. [[Safdar Jang]] led the right contingent of the Mughal army, while the center was led by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]],{{efn|name="Center"|The center refers to the middle of the Mughal army in [[tactical formation]].}} also accompanied by [[Sayyid Salabat Khan Zulfiqar Jang|Sayyid Salabt Khan]] and Dilawar Khan. The center had overwhelming numbers of artillery. [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] led the left flank of the army with many other Indian [[Raja]]s, comprising mainly [[Rajput]] [[cavalry]], while the [[rearguard]] was commanded by Nasir Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=61}}

In comparison, the Afghan army only had at its best estimate, 12,000 men,{{efn|name="Afghan army size"|The Afghan army is best estimated as being around 12,000 men. The Siyar-ul-Mutakherin underestimates the army to not be more than 6,000 or 7,000 men, while Anandram exaggerates the Afghan army to be 30,000 strong.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=139}}}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=111}} being overwhelmingly outnumbered by the Mughals 5:1. The Mughal flanks were extremely drawn out, and heavy artillery protected their center. Recognizing he was inferior in number, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] concluded the best course of option was to press the Mughal vanguard and to shatter the flanks to threaten their camp in the rear, intending to utilize superior mobility. A contingent of troops were split off and were directed to attack the [[Train (military)|baggage train]] of the Mughals when the battle began. The right flank of the Afghan army was commanded by [[Jahan Khan (Afghan general)|Jahan Khan]], with the center led by Ahmad Shah himself. Lastly, the left flank was commanded by Shah Pasand Khan.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=139–140}}
[[File:Camel gun - pg 18 -The last voyage - Annie Brassey.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of a [[Zamburak]] [[swivel gun]], typically mounted on camels|alt=A cannon placed on top of a saddle]]

===Afghan assault and flight of the Rajputs===
Possibly learning of the Vizier's death, [[Muhammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan]], a chief commander of the Durrani army, attacked the Mughal vanguard with over 3,000 men. Taqi Khan led his men toward the Mughal lines to quickly deliver a [[volley fire]] before withdrawing as the Mughals attempted to respond, subsequently repeating the tactic. The Mughals, [[Entrenchment (fortification)|defensively entrenched]], used their overwhelming numbers and heavy artillery to check the Afghan advance. Ahmad Shah reinforced Taqi Khan, however, [[Moin-ul-Mulk|Moin ul-Mulk]] held his line with heavy losses.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=140}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=64}} The Mughal cannon fire caused heavy casualties to the Afghan cavalry.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}

On the Mughal right flank where the Rajputs were stationed, the Afghans made significant gains. As the Rajputs prepared for [[Close-quarters battle|close quarters combat]], the Afghans led over 200 [[Zamburak]] [[swivel guns]]{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} and 3,000 cavalrymen, divided into two divisions. One division would charge toward the Rajput lines and deliver barrages on them before withdrawing, after which the second division advanced and repeated the tactic. Excellent in close quarters combat, but helpless to the Afghan artillery, the Rajput forces were overwhelmed and unable to respond to the Afghan assault. The Afghan attacks continued, killing thousands. [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]], learning of the Vizier's death, and seeing his army pulverized, fled from the battlefield.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=64–65}}

Unopposed, an Afghan force split off and plundered the Mughal baggage train, while also [[Flanking maneuver|flanking]] Moin ul-Mulk's entrenched position, and the center. With panic gripping the Mughal army, Moin ul-Mulk led a counterattack toward the Afghan center, engaging in close quarters combat. Heavy casualties mounted on both sides, with Moin ul-Mulk being grazed by a bullet, [[Adina Beg Khan|Adina Beg]] being wounded twice, and the death of numerous Mughal officers.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=141–142}} Widespread desertion plagued the Mughal ranks, and defeat appeared inevitable.{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=65}}

===Safdar Jang's counterattack and Afghan rocket disaster===
[[File:Safdarjung, second Nawab of Awadh, Mughal dynasty. India. early 18th century.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Safdar Jang, who led a critical counterattack for the Mughals at the height of the battle|alt=A bearded man facing standing while flanked by flowers]]
On the Mughal right flank, [[Safdar Jang]] faced a [[Zamburak]] attack ordered by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]], who sent over 700 camel-mounted swivel guns to a hill above Safdar Jang's position. Threatened with annihilation, Safdar Jang dispatched 1,700 [[musketeers]],{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} who charged uphill. A concentrated volley of fire from the Mughals killed many of the Afghan gunners, allowing the Mughals to seize the position and the Afghan swivel guns. An attempted counterattack by the Afghans failed, and the Mughals remained victorious on the right flank.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=141–142}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=66}}

With his success, Safdar Jang reinforced Moin ul-Mulk's position, and led all his men in an advance to draw attention away from the pressed Mughal center.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}} His reinforcements saw over 700 swivel and heavy guns delivered to relieve the center, while the men of [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]] and Nasir Khan fought alongside them. The overwhelming number of Mughals made resistance seem impossible.{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=66–67}}

Amidst the battle, [[Rocket (weapon)|rockets]] captured by the Afghans during their [[Battle of Lahore (1748)#Aftermath|plunder of Lahore]] ignited,{{sfn|Adle|Habib|Baipakov|2003|p=287}} possibly due to recklessness. Thousands of rockets flew into the air, which also ignited the [[gunpowder]] of the Afghan artillery. A thousand Afghan and Persian men were burned to death, with complete disorder overrunning the Afghan ranks.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=67}}

===Afghan withdrawal===
With the disaster for the Afghans, alongside the overwhelming advance by Safdar Jang and Moin ul-Mulk, Ahmad Shah ordered a retreat. Although defeated, Ahmad Shah saved his army from a [[rout]] and annihilation. Realizing he could not lead a counter-attack, Ahmad Shah [[Withdrawal (military)|withdrew]] in calm order, arraying his men for battle and exchanging [[Volley fire|volley musket fire]] with the Mughals before retreating and continuing the same tactic. He occupied a position at a mud fortress between Manupur and [[Sirhind]], firing on the Mughals from it, halting their advances. As the Mughal cannons arrived, night fell, and they instead returned to camp, while Ahmad Shah left in the cover of night.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=142–143}}{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=68}}

Unaware of the state of the Afghan army, nor their positions, the Mughals chose not to pursue. Scouts sent from the Mughal camp only found rumors that Ahmad Shah had possibly been killed or at the least, grievously wounded. Ahmad Shah sent [[Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi|Taqi Khan]] in deception to stall for time, asking for peace by demanding all that [[Nader Shah]] had taken [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|in his invasion]] to be ceded to him. He utilized the time to garner his army's strength, and sent away his baggage train to [[Lahore]], which he began withdrawing to.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=143–144}}

During this time, [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] fell ill and died, forcing the Mughals to halt their pursuit. Safdar Jung also fell ill, with all operations by the Mughals concluding on 9 April,{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=68–70}} while Ahmad Shah conducted a successful retreat.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}

===Reasons for outcome===
Despite initial Afghan victory against the Mughal left flank,{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|pp=140–141}} and Mughal defeat seeming apparent,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=65}} [[firepower]] proved exceptionally significant in the battle, with Mughal artillery causing heavy losses to the initial Afghan cavalry attack.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}} Combined with a rocket disaster that burned a thousand Afghan men and disorganization in the army as a result, as well as Safdar Jang's counterattack which saw the Mughals swarm the Afghans on all sides with superior numbers,{{sfn|Singh|1959|p=67}} the Afghan army was eventually forced to retreat from the battlefield.{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=142}}

==Aftermath==
Withdrawing to Lahore, Ahmad Shah became aware that his nephew, Luqman Khan, who had been left as regent in [[Kandahar]], had revolted. Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan, although not without opposition, with the Sikhs attacking the Afghan rearguard until they reached the [[Chenab River|Chenab]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=88}}{{sfn|Grewal|2012|p=369}} Ahmad Shah marched on Kandahar, quickly quelling the revolt.{{sfn|Black|2012|p=80}}{{sfn|Lee|2022|p=122}} He spent the summer of 1748 preparing for his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Second invasion of India (1748)|second invasion of India]].{{sfn|Singh|1959|pp=68–72}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=143}}

The timing was significant for Ahmad Shah, with the death of Mughal Vizier [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamar-ud-Din]] at Manupur, and the death of the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]], which saw him succeeded by [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur|Bahadur Shah]], who largely focused on personal pleasures. The Mughal victory did not discourage Ahmad Shah,{{sfn|Gupta|1976|p=165}} who wished to avenge his defeat.{{sfn|Gupta|1961|p=74}}

Throughout Ahmad Shah's reign, he'd lead a total of nine invasions of India,{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=118}} and in November 1748, he launched his second invasion,{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}} quickly forcing [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] to cede him control of all territories north of the [[Indus]], as well as the revenues for the cities of [[Sialkot]], [[Pasrur]], Aurangabad, and Gukraj, which amounted to nearly one and a half million rupees yearly.{{sfn|Lee|2022|pp=122–123}} A [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Third Invasion (1751–1752)|third invasion]] saw Ahmad Shah [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|conquer Lahore]], annexing the Mughal province as well as [[Multan]] and [[Kashmir]], with Moin ul-Mulk serving as his governor.{{sfn|Noelle-Karimi|2014|p=111}}
[[File:Afghan-Sikh Wars depiction.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of a battle between Afghans and Sikhs]]
Shortly after the battle of Manupur, the [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikhs]] established the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]] after Ahmad Shah withdrew from the region, placing [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia|Jassa Singh]] as its chief commander.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=88–91}} During Ahmad Shah Durrani's second invasion of India, the Sikhs had plundered the city of Lahore, evoking the wrath of Moin ul-Mulk, who executed thousands of Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=102–104}}

Moin ul-Mulk would continue his campaigns against the Sikhs until his death in 1753, while the Sikhs would in turn, hamper government control in the countryside. By 1756, the Sikhs rapidly accumulated in strength. During this period, Ahmad Shah Durrani led yet [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Fourth Invasion (1756–1757)|another invasion of India]], [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|sacking Delhi in 1757]], and erasing [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority. Ahmad Shah also brought himself to blows against the Sikhs. While on the march to Delhi, the stragglers of Ahmad Shah's army were attacked by the Sikhs, and the baggage train robbed, even seizing treasures as Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan from his campaign.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=104–131}}

The new [[Afghan–Sikh Wars|emerging conflict between the Afghans and Sikhs]] would erase Sikh progress for over a decade, and Sikh holy sites such as [[Amritsar]] would be destroyed, with the Sikhs persecuted. Between his [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Sixth invasion of India (1762)|sixth]] and [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani#Ninth invasion of India (1768–1769)|ninth]] invasions of India, Ahmad Shah would see regular conflict with the Sikhs, but by the end of it, the Sikhs would establish themselves firmly in much of the Punjab.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|pp=133–134}}

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kzjj_LSlxO8C |title=The A to Z of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-46173-189-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Adle |first1=Chahryar |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Baipakov |first3=Karl M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&q=3+March+1748 |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-9-23103-876-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5lGEAAAQBAJ |title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World |date=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-23037-000-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-78647-470-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGLQkQEACAAJ |title=Historical Writings on the Sikhs, 1784-2011: Western Enterprise and Indian Response |date=2012 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-953-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxJDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh confederacies, 1708–1769 |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en |isbn=978-8-12150-248-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGduAAAAMAAJ |title=Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707–1793) |date=1976 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |language=en |isbn=978-969-3507-56-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ |title=Marathas and Panipat |date=1961 |publisher=Panjab University |language=en |oclc=3283470}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=2022 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813 |date=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-1-93270-554-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Noelle-Karimi |first=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ |title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries) |date=2014 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press |isbn=978-3-70017-202-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIhAAAAMAAJ |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire |date=1964 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar |oclc=10317129 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganḍā |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan |year=1959 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5426 |access-date=25 August 2010 |oclc=4341271}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Afghan–Mughal Wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1748]]
[[Category:18th century in India]]
[[Category:18th century in the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]]

Battle of Manupur - Revision history

GAURI PARIHAR at 09:21, 12 March 2026