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{{Short description|1944 WWII conflict in Burma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Mogaung
| partof = [[Chindits#Operation Thursday|Operation Thursday]], the [[Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]], the [[Burma campaign (1944)|Burma campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = File:The Chindits MH7287.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Brigadier Mike Calvert (left) gives orders to Lieutenant-Colonel Shaw, with (right) Major James Lumley after the capture of Mogaung.
| date = {{Date range and age in years, months, weeks and days|1944|6|4|1944|6|26}}
| place = [[Mogaung|Mogaung town]] in [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|18|0|N|96|56|0|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}}
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]<br>{{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–49)}}<br>'''Air Support:'''<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Mike Calvert]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Hisashi Takeda
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th Brigade]]<br>{{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|army}} 114th Regiment
| units2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]] (elements)
| strength1 = 3,500 men
| strength2 = 4,000 men
| casualties1 = 776<ref name="Allen374">{{Harvnb|Allen|1998|pp=374–75}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 1,600<ref name="Allen374"/>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Burma}}
}}

The '''Battle of Mogaung''' was a series of engagements that was fought in the [[Burma Campaign]] of [[World War II]] between 6 and 26 June 1944 at the Burmese town of Mogaung. In brutal fighting, the [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77th 'Chindit' Brigade]] under Brigadier [[Mike Calvert|Michael Calvert]], later assisted by [[Chinese Expeditionary Force|Chinese forces]] of Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]], fought for and captured the town from the [[Japanese occupation of Burma|occupying forces]] of [[Imperial Japan]].

The battle was part of the second [[Chindit]] campaign, [[Chindits#Operation Thursday|Operation Thursday]]. This later became part of the [[Siege of Myitkyina]] by Chinese and US forces led by [[Joseph Stilwell]] who was in overall command of the Chindits. The capture of Mogaung was the first place in Burma to be liberated from the Japanese, and it was the last major Chindit campaign of the war. Two [[Victoria Cross]]es were awarded during the battle.<ref name="Griffin163">{{Harvnb|Griffin|2018|pp=163–64}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1943, Brigadier [[Orde Wingate]] led the Chindits behind Japanese lines for the first of their [[long-range penetration]] operations with [[Chindits#Operation Longcloth|Operation Longcloth]]. It resulted in little strategic success but it did prove that [[British Empire]] forces could fight on equal terms with the Japanese in the jungle. The following year General [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William 'Bill' Slim]] leading the British [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] were engaged in a desperate struggle against the Japanese army who had launched [[Operation U-Go]] – the invasion of [[British India]] beginning in March 1944.<ref name="Fay262">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=265}}</ref>

As a result of the Japanese invasion a second Chindit expedition was launched; Operation Thursday was much larger than the previous years' with six brigades. The aim was to harass the Japanese rear and supply lines as well as to relieve pressure on American General [[Joseph Stilwell|"Vinegar Joe" Stilwell]]'s joint Chinese and US forces moving south into Northern Burma who were intending to take the strategic town of [[Myitkyina]]. The early operations of the Chindits were marred by the death of Wingate in an air crash. They then went under the command of Major General [[Walter Lentaigne]] but were eventually placed under the command of the [[Anglophobia|Anglophobe]] Stilwell.<ref name="McLynn361">{{Harvnb|McLynn|2011|p=361}}</ref> By that time, the 77th Brigade had been in action since early March, having held off superior Japanese forces for two months from their stronghold of ''White City''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooney|1992|pp=124–136}}</ref>

===Prelude===
In late May, the Chindits were ordered north by Stilwell to the area of Mogaung to take the pressure off his Chinese forces, who were struggling in [[Siege of Myitkyina|besieging Myitkyina]]. Capturing Mogaung meant that the Japanese lifeline northward would be cut and Myitkyina would inevitably fall. At the end of May, Fourteenth Army intelligence, backed by hazardous patrols from the 77th Brigade, found that the Japanese had reinforced the defenders of Mogaung with four battalions from Lieutenant-General Hisashi Takeda's [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]], to just under 4,000 troops.<ref name="Allen369">{{Harvnb|Allen |1998|p=369}}</ref> The 77th brigade consisted of four battalions: 1st Battalion, the [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]; 1st Battalion, the [[King's Regiment (Liverpool)|King's Regiment]]; 1st Battalion, the [[South Staffordshire Regiment]] and 3rd Battalion, the [[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles|6th Gurkha Rifles]]. Accompanying the brigade were [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] liaison officers who would need high ground for radio contact from which to bring in close air support.<ref name="Diamond74">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=74}}</ref>

Getting to Mogaung would be difficult for the brigade. There was no way of flying in and to the north of the town was the fast flowing Mogaung River and to the west, diverging off, was the Wetthauk Chaung river. The country to the east and south were interspersed by lakes and marshes, with the only access being a two mile long road, to Pinhmi, on a causeway. The British would have to use this in order to reach Mogaung and would come up against villages on the outskirts that had been heavily fortified, with bunkers being constructed under the buildings.<ref name="Towill113">{{Harvnb|Towill| 2000|p=114}}</ref>

==Battle==
On 30 May, the brigade set off; the plan was to advance 160 miles to the town using the Pinhmi road as an axis. Their first priority was for the need for an area for a small landing strip for evacuating the sick and wounded as well as an area for supplies to be dropped. Calvert had hoped to reach and even capture Mogaung by 5 June.<ref name="GibbsRyan141">{{harvnb|Gibbs|Ryan|1955|p=141}}</ref>

===Lakum===
[[File:Ledo and Sodiya, India- Myitkyina, Myanmar- Batang (Ba), Litang, Gyaltang, Kham, Tibet- Burma Road terminus at Kunming, China 1945 map detail, from- Allied Third Burma Campaign Apri 1-May 1945 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Location of Mogaung in Northern Burma]]
The march was difficult – thick jungle intersected by deep ravines and the occasional sporadic firefight with the Japanese. Nevertheless, on 2 June the South Staffordshires and the Gurkhas captured the village of [[Lakum]] after a fierce encounter with the Japanese. The village was a low laying hill overlooking the plain two miles south west of Mogaung. On the following day, another series of bitter encounters forced the Japanese off the surrounding hills – the Gurkhas seized a hamlet, later dubbed 'Gurkha Village', after wiping out the forty strong garrison there. They captured intact a large [[ammunition dump]], fifteen lorries and a camouflaged hospital full of medical supplies, as well as many sick Japanese soldiers. Many of these tried to escape without success and many more committed suicide.<ref name="Calvert230">{{Harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=230}}</ref>

Calvert had his headquarters operational just south of Lakum and a small airstrip was hastily laid from which supplies were arranged to be flown in and dropped by [[C-47]]'s. The wounded and sick could be flown out by using [[Stinson L-5 Sentinel|Sentinel]] aircraft and even the new [[Sikorsky R-4]] helicopters.<ref name="M,M,M">{{cite book |last1=MacKay |first1=J.N |last2=Macaulay |first2=Marcus |last3=Macdonell |first3=Ranald |title=A History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857–1948, Volume 3 |date=1952 |publisher=W. Blackwood |page=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8MDAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> An RAF liaison officers set up a position from which to use air support from the US [[1st Special Operations Wing|1st Air Commando Group]] for further combat sorties in taking Mogaung. Calvert also built up a store of medical, food and military supplies before any major attack went in. At the same time local [[Kachin people|Kachin]] groups led by former [[Burma Rifles]] officers who had established control of the area joined Calvert's men to provide vital intelligence on Japanese movements.<ref name="Rooney97">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=97–99}}</ref> The following day two platoons of the Lancashire Fusiliers captured a vital point on the Mogaung river known as the Tapaw Ferry that would prove useful if the Chindits needed an escape route.<ref name="Kirby408">{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=Stanley Woodburn |title=The War Against Japan: The decisive battles Volume 3 of The War Against Japan |date=1957 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=408 |isbn=9780116300850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2icJAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

The villages of Mahaung, Natgyigon and the Pinhmi bridge on the outskirts of Mogaung were key positions in its defence; once these had fallen the Japanese hold on the town would become untenable. In Mogaung itself the courthouse and railway station were potential areas for heavy resistance as they were the two main all brick buildings. Over the next few days the brigade got supplied – they were delivered [[PIAT]] anti tank weapons as well as [[Flamethrower, Portable, No 2|flamethrowers]], [[ML 3-inch mortar|3 inch]] and [[ML 4.2-inch mortar|4.2 inch]] mortars with thousands of rounds as the only means of heavy fire support. Japanese artillery was causing casualties but Calvert was eventually able to call in [[P-51 Mustang]]s of 1st Air Commando in an attempt to silence the Japanese positions.<ref name="Smith277">{{Harvnb|Smith|1994|p=277}}</ref>

===Pinhmi bridge and outskirts===
The attack on the Pinhmi to Mogaung road where the vital Pinhmi bridge crossed the Wetthauk Chaung river began on 7 June. As they advanced closer to Mogaung the Staffordshires found and destroyed a Japanese ammunition dump and the Lancashire Fusiliers later captured the village of Pinhmi. An attempt on the bridge the following day however failed as the Lancashires were repelled from concealed Japanese positions which ranged along a fifteen foot high embankment incurring heavy casualties.<ref name="Kirby408"/> Nevertheless a reconnaissance patrol found a ford further down the river and from this the Gurkhas and the Staffordshires attacked and secured the village of Mahaung. In addition they also secured the village of Ywathitgale taking out a Japanese administrative headquarters, and reached the Pinhmi–Mogaung road outflanking a number of Japanese positions.<ref name="Rooney97">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=97–99}}</ref> They then launched a number of counterattacks but were driven off. On 10 June the Gurkhas attempted to take the bridge again; the first attempt ended in failure but the second in a wide flanking move succeeded in taking the bridge. Among them was Captain [[Michael Allmand]]'s heroic feat in ensuring the capture of the bridge. The attacks cost nearly 130 casualties but Calvert's brigade was securely established along the axis of the Pinhmi-Mogaung road.<ref name="Diamond70">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=70}}</ref>

The [[monsoon]] then broke later that day and conditions were tough for the men of the 77th Brigade; [[malaria]], [[trench foot]] and [[typhus]] were soon rife.<ref name="Allen371">{{Harvnb|Allen|1998|p=371}}</ref> Calvert learnt that two more Japanese battalions arrived to reinforce Mogaung essentially replacing casualties, and seeing the difficulty he then sent a messenger to Stilwell to alert him to the situation; but was not received with any sympathy. Stilwell eventually sent the 1/114th Chinese Infantry Regiment from the 38th Division to support the Chindits.<ref name="Bidwell270">{{Harvnb|Bidwell|1980|pp=270–71}}</ref> Calvert assessed the situation on June 12; many battalions were reduced to a company which meant the brigade total consisted of no more than 750 fit men. Calvert was concerned with the number of wounded and the sick having to endure the poor conditions – [[Defensive fighting position|slit trenches]] were impossible due to the wet conditions; men would have to lay face down in the mud if they were under shell fire. Many of the wounded however were determined to stay and fight rather than be flown out.<ref name="Rooney100">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|pp=100–01}}</ref>

Over the next few days conditions began to improve many of the wounded were flown out and supplies were brought in once more. On June 15 Calvert continued his attacks, fighting to secure a ridge closer to the town. The Court House was taken the next day, and the area extending to the Mogaung River and up to the outskirts of Natgyigon was cleared.<ref name="Kirby408"/> Japanese mortar fire from the village of Naungkaiktaw was causing some grief upon the Chindits. At dawn on 18 June air attacks and a heavy mortar bombardment over the next few days followed by an assault by the Lancashire Fusiliers and the King's attacked using flamethrowers.<ref name="Diamond80">{{Harvnb|Diamond|2016|p=80}}</ref> At the cost of some fifty casualties (some from friendly fire) they succeeded and drove around a hundred Japanese out of the village in addition to killing some seventy of them. Whilst consolidating their position in the village a Japanese patrol was ambushed and taken out; they had not realised the village had been in British hands.<ref name="Rooney100"/>

Around the same time Chinese troops began to arrive; Gurkhas made contact with them West of Lakum. Mogaung was then surrounded, with the Chinese in the South which totalled nearly three battalions. Crucially they had [[Bofors 75 mm mountain gun|75mm mountain guns]] which were established at Pinhmi, and they were able pound Japanese positions.<ref name="McLynn352">{{Harvnb|McLynn|2011|pp=351–52}}</ref>

===Mogaung===
[[File:Gurkha Captain Michael Allmand VC.jpg|thumb|150px|Gurkha Captain [[Michael Allmand]] who won the VC during the Battle of Mogaung]]
Calvert planned his next attack for 23 June towards Natyigon, a key position and the last outer bastion of Mogaung. At first light on that day the final assault was launched; every available fit man was called up; cooks, orderlies and even Headquarters personnel. The Chinese attacked towards the railway station along the railway embankment which was effectively a last line of defence. Despite a heavy bombardment the attack failed and the Chinese were held back with intense Japanese machine gun fire. The Chindits had no choice but to halt along this line for the remainder of the day.<ref name="Bidwell270"/>

Earlier reconnaissance had pin-pointed the 'Red House', a large bricked building. The following day after a heavy bombardment from the Chinese guns and British mortars as well as air attacks the British attacked from the North of the station. Once more fighting was intense, the Japanese defending tenaciously despite the constant pounding. The building and surrounding positions were only taken after brutal fighting in which flamethrowers, grenades and PIATs were used.<ref name="GibbsRyan143">{{Harvnb|Gibbs | Ryan|1955|pp=143–44}}</ref> One of the men involved was Rifleman [[Tulbahadur Pun]]; his single-handed gallantry as part of the Gurkhas attack on the 'Red House' earned him a nomination for the Victoria Cross. The other nomination fell to Captain [[Michael Allmand]] who attacked a machine-gun position holding up his remaining company. He knocked out the position with grenades but was mortally wounded in the process. The Chinese provided some fire support but did not take part in this attack, instead protecting the flanks and cutting off any Japanese escape attempt. The assault by the Gurkhas totally unbalanced the Japanese and Takeda had no other choice but to withdraw or risk his battalions being destroyed.<ref name="Corrigan">{{Harvnb|Corrigan|2010|pp=466–67}}</ref>

The final attack was on the railway station on 25 June – the Chinese attack from the South was postponed but the Lancashires and the South Staffordshires went in anyway and after more heavy fighting finally took the battered remains and met up with the Chinese.<ref name="Lunt39">{{Harvnb|Lunt|1994|p=39}}</ref> With the British having a major foothold in the town, the Japanese launched a number of counterattacks that night, but they were beaten off. The following morning Chindit and Chinese patrols found Japanese positions outside the town abandoned.<ref name="Smith277"/> Any Japanese that escaped did so by using [[Drum (container)|oil drums]] in the hope they would make it downriver to Myitkyina. Many however were shot up by patrolling Chindits.<ref name="Bidwell273">{{Harvnb|Bidwell|1980|pp=273–74}}</ref>

With the battle largely over the Chindits consolidated their position in Mogaung, but they were physically and mentally exhausted. The brigade at the end of the battle had fewer than 550 men left of fighting strength. The Lancashire Fusiliers, King's Regiment and South Staffordshires could only muster 300 between them and the 3/6th Gurkhas had 230 left fit.<ref name="Calvert180">{{Harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=180}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Once Mogaung had been captured the Gurkhas garrisoned the town preparing for further counterattacks from across the river but none were forthcoming; the Japanese had left the area completely.<ref name="McLynn352"/> Whilst in Mogaung, the Gurkhas took the opportunity to hold a small ceremonial parade and hoisted the Union Jack on a large [[pagoda]], the most prominent building left standing. The Chindits remained in the area until July 5 and then withdrew to their base area at Pinhmi. They then had to march a further fifty miles to be flown back to India, leaving Mogaung in the hands of the Chinese.<ref name="Calvert180"/>

Mogaung was the first place in Burma to be liberated from the Japanese, and it was the last major Chindit campaign of the war.<ref name="Griffin163"/> The Japanese had lost heavily with nearly 1,600 casualties, most of whom were dead and an unknown number of sick that were evacuated.<ref name="Allen374"/> The cost of taking Mogaung had been high – Calvert had lost 47 officers and 729 other ranks killed or wounded; which equated to around fifty percent casualties. Stilwell had used the Chindits in an unsuitable role of classic infantry, without the support of artillery and armour. He announced via the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] that Chinese troops of his [[Northern Combat Area Command]] had captured Mogaung but without referring to the British. The Chindits were outraged, and Calvert famously signalled to Stilwell's headquarters 'Chinese reported taking Mogaung. My Brigade now taking umbrage.' Stillwell's son who was the intelligence officer announced that 'Umbrage was so small that I can't find it on the map'.<ref name="Rooney105">{{Harvnb|Rooney|1990|p=105}}</ref>

Fearing that they would then be ordered to join the siege of Myitkyina, Calvert shut down his radios and withdrew to [[Kamaing]], where Stilwell had his headquarters. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, and the former finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating.<ref name="Allen374"/> The siege of Myitkyina had already proved a thorn in Stilwell's side after a major Chinese assault had been repelled with heavy losses. The British capture of Mogaung did relieve pressure on Stilwell's troops besieging the town; the Japanese quit Myitkyina on 3 August.<ref name="MM">{{cite book |last1=United States Government |title=Merrill's Marauders, February – May 1944 American forces in action series Volume 100, Issue 4 |date=1990 |publisher=Printing Office Center of Military History |page=113 |isbn=9780160020049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aAfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA113}}</ref>

Two Victoria Crosses were awarded during the battle – Michael Allmand received his [[Posthumous award|posthumously]], while Tul Bahadur Pun received his in November.<ref name="Griffin163"/> In addition members of the Sixth Gurkhas also received two [[Distinguished Service Order|DSOs]], three
[[Indian Order of Merit|IOMs]], six [[Military Cross|MCs]], four [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSMs]], twelve [[Military Medal|MMs]] and three [[Silver Star|US Silver Stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|title=The Battle for Mogaung|publisher=6th Gurkhas.org|accessdate=2009-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827235622/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/theregiment_battles.shtml|archive-date=2008-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> The South Staffordshires, Kings and Lancashire Fusiliers also received many awards. Calvert was awarded the DSO and [[Medal bar|Bar]] and the American Silver Star for the capture of Mogaung.<ref name="Brown">{{Harvnb|Brown|Reed|1989|p=32}}</ref> He was evacuated to Britain on medical grounds following an accidental injury in September 1944. In March 1945 he was appointed to command the [[Special Air Service]] Brigade taking command of various operations in the [[Western Allied invasion of Germany]] devising [[Operation Amherst]]. He held this appointment until the brigade disbanded in October 1945.<ref name="Ladd99">{{Harvnb|Ladd|1986|p=99}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Allen|first= Louis |title=Burma: The Longest War, 1941–45 |year=1998 |publisher=Phoenix Giant |location=London |isbn=075380221X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bidwell |first1=Shelford |title=The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944 |date=1980 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0025106000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Ashley |last2=Reed |first2=Jonathan |title=The Airborne The Elite Series |date=1989 |publisher=National Historical Society |isbn=978-0918678492}}
* {{cite book |last1=Calvert |first1=Michael |title=Prisoners Of Hope |date=2004 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0850524925}}
* {{cite book |last1=Corrigan |first1=Gordon |title=The Second World War: A Military History |date=2010 |publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd |isbn=978-0857891358}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Jon |title=Burma Road 1943–44: Stilwell's assault on Myitkyina |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1472811264}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fay|first1 = Peter W.| year=1993| title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945| publisher=University of Michigan Press| location=Ann Arbor| isbn=0472083422}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=Herbert Ronald K |last2=Ryan |first2=D.G.J |title=Historical Record of the 6th Gurkha Rifles, Volume 2 |date=1955 |publisher=Gale & Polden |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REoFAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Griffin |first1=Paul |title=The Lost Battalion |date=2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0244726362}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ladd |first1=James D |title=SAS Operations |date=1986 |publisher=Hale |isbn=978-0709023722}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lunt |first1=James |title=Jai Sixth!: 6th Queen Elizabeth's own Gurkha Rifles 1817–1994 |date=1994 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1473815605}}
* {{cite book |last1=McLynn |first1=Frank |title=The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942–45 |date=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1446449318}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rooney |first1=David |title=Mad Mike: Biography of Brigadier Michael Calvert |date=1990 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0850525434}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rooney |first1=David |title=Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima March 1944 to May 1945 |publisher=Cassell |year=1992 |isbn=0304354570}}
* {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Barr |title=To the Last Cartridge |date=1994 |publisher=Avon Books |isbn=978-0380772124}}
* {{cite book |last1=Towill |first1=Bill |title=A Chindit's Chronicle |date=2000 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0595158324}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/USA-CBI-Command-6.html Stilwell's Command Problems]

{{world War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mogaung}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1943–1944)]]
[[Category:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:1944 in India]]
[[Category:1944 in Burma]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:June 1944 in Asia]]

Battle of Mogaung - Revision history

Surendra at 18:18, 3 May 2026