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{{Short description|1665 battle in India}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Purandar
| partof = [[List of battles involving the Mughal Empire|Mughal conquests]]
| date = {{start and end dates|1665|3|31|1665|6|11|df=yes}}<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=568}}</ref> {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=31|year1=1665|month2=6|day2=11|year2=1665}})}}
| place = [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]]
| territory = Mughals occupy 23 forts of Marathas
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory<ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2005|pages=316|isbn=9788124110669 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra|quote=After the disgrace of Shaista Khan and Shivaji's raid on Surat....Aurangzeb appointed Mirza Raja Jai Singh, who was one of his trusted noble...he was given an army of 12,000.....Jai Singh was not only given full military authority....he was made the viceroy of the Deccan in place of Prince Muazzam...in order to isolate Shivaji, and even tried to win over the Sultan of Bijapur....he also induced some of the Maratha deshmukhs...marching to Pune, Jai Singh decided to strike at the heart of Shivaji's territories....Jai Singh closely besieged Purandar, (1665) beating off all Maratha attempts to relieve it. With the fall of the fort in sight, and no relief likely from any quarter, Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh.}}</ref><Ref>
{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=825|publisher=Greenwood Press|author=Jacques, Tony|date=30 November 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|url-status=dead}}
</ref><ref name="pjt"/>
| status =
| combatant1 = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Shivaji]]<br>[[Murarbaji]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]]<br>[[Diler Khan]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = 12,000<ref name=SC/>
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| notes =
| image = The Surrender of Shivaji Maharaj to the Mughal noblemen Mirza Raja Jai Singh I at Purandar. Painted by Mueller.jpg
| caption = The Surrender of [[Shivaji]] to [[Jai Singh I|Mirza Raja Jai Singh I]] at [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]].
}}
The '''Battle of Purandar''' was fought between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1665.

== Background ==
The Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to lead a 12,000-man army against Maratha king [[Shivaji]]. [[Shaista Khan]] and [[Bahadur Shah I|Muazzam]] were both replaced by Jai Singh after their failure against Shivaji in previous campaigns. Jai Singh was given full military power and made viceroy of [[Deccan]] by the Mughal Emperor.<ref name="SC" />

==Siege ==

Jai Singh started his campaign by isolating Shivaji; he persuaded some Maratha nobles to join him and offered to reduce the tribute of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] if they joined him. Jai Singh then besieged Purandar and beat off all Maratha attempts to relieve the fort. In 1665, [[Shivaji]] sued for peace.<ref name="pjt">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6k9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Empire, 1526-1803 A.D. |date=1964 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |pages=376–379 |language=en |quote=After Jai Singh had promised him a safe conduct Shivaji proceeded on the morning of 24th June 1665, to meet the Rajput general in his camp. Jai Singh, however, sent word that unless Shivaji agreed to hand over all his forts, he need not come for an interview. Shivaji agreed and proceeded on and was welcomed at the door of the tents by Jai Singh's Bakhshi. Jai Singh himself advanced a few steps, embraced Shivaji, and seated him by his side. Jai Singh had instructed Diler Khan and Kirat Singh to bunch an attack on Purandar, while Shivaji was with him so as to convince the latter of the hopelessness of the Maratha position.}}</ref> Shivaji is noted to have said when receiving Jai Singh: <ref name="EralyA"/><ref>{{cite book | last=Sardesai | first=H. S. | title=Shivaji, the Great Maratha | publisher=Cosmo Publications| publication-place=New Delhi|volume=2 | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7755-284-3|page=347|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=deHZAUDHzYwC&pg=PA347}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I have come as a guilty slave to seek forgiveness, and it is for you either to pardon or to kill me at your pleasure. I will make over my great forts, with the country of Konkan, to the Emperor's officers, and I will send you my son to enter the imperial service. As for myself, I hope that after the interval of one year, when I have paid my respects to the Emperor, I may be allowed, like other servants of the State who exercise authority in their own provinces, to live with my wife and family in a small fort or two. Whenever and wherever my services are required. I will on receiving orders, discharge my duty loyally."}}

== Aftermath ==
In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]], signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give up 23 of his forts, keeping 12 for himself, and pay compensation of 400,000 gold [[Pagoda (coin)|hun]] to the Mughals.{{sfn|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960|p=258}} Shivaji agreed to become a vassal of the Mughal empire, and to send his son Sambhaji, along with 5,000 horsemen, to fight for the Mughals in the Deccan, as a ''[[mansabdar]]''.{{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|p=77}}{{sfn|Gordon|1993|p=74}}

Sambhaji was taken as a political prisoner to ensure compliance with the treaty. Shivaji himself wished to be excused from attending the court but agreed to send his son [[Sambhaji]].<ref name="lal" >{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> To this end, he wrote letters to Aurangzeb, requesting forgiveness for his actions and security for himself along with a robe of honour. He also requested Jai Singh to support him in getting his crimes pardoned by the emperor, stating "Now you are protector and a father to me, so I beg you to fulfil the ambition of your son."<ref>{{cite book | last=Wink | first=André |author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ| title=Land and Sovereignty in India - Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya| publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | publication-place=[[Cambridge]] | date=2007-12-03 | isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 | series=Volume 36 of University of Cambridge Oriental Publications|page=58|chapter=Brahman,king and emperor|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/landsovereigntyi0000wink/page/9/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|publisher=Books India International|title= Shivaji, Bhakha Sources and Nationalism|year= 2001|author= Mahendra Pratap Singh|author-link=Mahendra Pratap Singh|page=201}}</ref> On September 15, 1665, Aurangzeb granted his request and sent him a letter and a firman along with a robe of honor. Shivaji responded with a letter thanking the emperor:<ref name="EralyA">{{cite book|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne The Saga of the Great Moghuls|first=Abraham |last=Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC|page=661|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2007|chapter=The Maratha Nemesis|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT629}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Shiva, the meanest of life-devoting slaves who wears the ring of servitude in his ear and the carpet of obedience on his shoulder—like an atom ... [acknowledges] the goodnews of his eternal happiness, namely favours from the Emperor ... This sinner and evil-doer did not deserve that his offences should be forgiven or his faults covered up. But the grace and favour of the Emperor have conferred on him a new life and unimaginable honour ...}}

In the treaty, Shivaji also agreed to help the Mughals against Bijapur,<ref name="lal"/> by sending some Maratha officers with Jai Singh against Bijapur. After the failed campaign against Bijapur, Jai Singh arranged a meeting between Aurangzeb and Shivaji, which proved to be a disaster, allowing Shivaji to escape and a renewal of the war between the Mughals and the Marathas.<ref name="SC" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |author-link=Stewart N. Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |date=1993 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 }}
* {{citation |last1=Haig |first1=Wolseley | author1-link = Wolseley Haig | last2=Burn |first2=Richard | author2-link = Richard Burn (Indologist) |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume IV: The Mughal Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258 |year=1960 |orig-year=first published 1937 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref={{sfnref|Haig & Burn, The Mughal Period|1960}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3NHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |year=1920 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |ref={{sfnref|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920}} |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar }}
{{refend}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Purandar 1665]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1665|Purandar]]
[[Category:1665 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Purandar]]
[[Category:1660s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:History of Pune district]]

Battle of Purandar - Revision history

Udesign at 22:05, 12 November 2025