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{{Short description|1804 battle of the Napoleonic Wars}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Visakhapatnam
| partof = the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
| image = Vizagapatam, 1804 RCIN 735113 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Engraving of the battle
| date = 18 September 1804
| place = Off [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17|41|N|83|19|E|display=title,inline}}
| result = See [[#Aftermath|''Aftermath'']]
| combatant1 = [[French First Republic|France]]
| combatant2 = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois|Charles-Alexandre Linois]]
| commander2 = [[James Lind (Royal Navy officer)|James Lind]]
| strength1 = 1 ship of the line 2 frigates
| strength2 = 1 ship of the line 2 merchant ships Unknown number of shore artillery
| casualties1 = 5 killed 6 wounded
| casualties2 = 1 killed 9 wounded 1 merchant ship destroyed 1 merchant ship captured
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean}}
}}

The '''Battle of Visakhapatnam''' was a minor naval engagement fought in the approaches to [[Visakhapatnam]] harbour in the [[Coastal Andhra]] region of [[British India]] on the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 18 September 1804 during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. A French squadron under Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] in the [[ship of the line]] [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']] attacked the [[Royal Navy]] [[fourth-rate]] [[HMS Centurion (1774)|HMS ''Centurion'']] and two [[East Indiaman]] merchant ships anchored in the [[roadstead]].

Linois was engaged in an extended raiding campaign, which had already involved operations in the [[South China Sea]], in the [[Mozambique Channel]], off [[Ceylon]] and along the Indian coast of the Bay of Bengal. The French squadron had fought one notable engagement, at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]] on 15 February 1804, in which Linois had attacked the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]]'s (HEIC) China Fleet, a large convoy of well-armed merchant ships carrying cargo worth £8 million. Linois failed to press the attack and withdrew with the convoy at his mercy, invoking the anger of [[Napoleon]] when the news reached France.

Since his failure at Pulo Aura, Linois had been cruising the Indian Ocean, and during August and September 1804 had seized a number of valuable merchant ships as his squadron travelled north from Ceylon along the Indian coast of the Bay of Bengal. Linois already had experience in repelling an attack on an [[Coastal defence and fortification|armed port]] at the [[First Battle of Algeciras]]; in the battle of Visakhapatnam he himself was the one attacking an armed harbour. From a ship captured off [[Masulipatam]], Linois learned of the presence of the East Indiamen at Visakhapatnam and determined to attack, unaware that British Rear-Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]] had replaced the small frigate [[HMS Wilhelmina (1798)|HMS ''Wilhelmina'']] with the larger ''Centurion'' as the convoy's escort. Arriving off the port at 06:00, Linois advanced on the convoy, causing one of the East Indiamen to drive ashore in panic. The other merchant vessel failed to support the outnumbered ''Centurion'' and was captured, but ''Centurion'' continued fighting alone.

Initially supported by the fire of gun batteries on shore, ''Centurion'' later moved out of their range while engaging the French flagship [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']], which remained well offshore to avoid the coastal [[shoal]]s. After an engagement lasting four hours ''Marengo'' withdrew, the badly damaged ''Centurion'' attempting to pursue but without success. Linois's squadron was forced to return to [[Mauritius|Île de France]] in the aftermath of the engagement, where ''Marengo'' required six months of repairs.

==Background==
{{further|Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean}}

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the British economy depended on the movement of trade from the [[British Empire]], particularly the trading posts and colonies in [[British India]], managed by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] (HEIC). This company transported goods from India to Europe using a fleet of large and well-armed merchant ships named [[East Indiamen]], which travelled in convoys for protection, and were escorted during wartime by ships provided by the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="RG102">''The Victory of Seapower'', Gardiner, p. 102</ref> The main Royal Navy base in the [[Bay of Bengal]] was at the city of [[Madras]], but East Indiamen sailed from ports all around the Bay. As a result, the force in Madras was often dispersed to provide escorts to smaller convoys travelling to Madras or [[Calcutta]] to merge with other ships to form the large oceanic convoys. At the outbreak of the [[Napoleonic War]], the commander of British forces in the [[Indian Ocean]] was Rear-Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]]. The principal threat to British control of the region was a squadron sent from France shortly before war broke out, led by Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] in the [[ship of the line]] [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']].<ref name="RW172">Woodman, p. 172</ref>

Rainier and Linois had clashed in June 1803, before news of the outbreak of war had reached India. Linois had anchored at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], a [[French India]]n port, and Rainier had led a powerful squadron to anchor off the harbour in anticipation of the declaration of war. Concerned that Rainier's numerically superior force would overwhelm his squadron before they could operate against the British merchant convoys in the region, Linois slipped away under cover of darkness and eventually reached [[Mauritius|Île de France]], where he learned that the [[Napoleonic Wars]] had begun on 16 May.<ref name="WJ3:212">James, Vol. 3, p. 212</ref> Sailing to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], Linois resupplied and then departed for a cruise in the [[South China Sea]] on 28 December, seeking the large annual convoy of HEIC merchant ships from [[Canton (Guangzhou)|Canton]], known as the China Fleet. This convoy was normally escorted from Canton by several Royal Navy ships of the line, but in 1804 the escort had been delayed.<ref name="RW194">Woodman, p. 194</ref> Linois discovered the convoy near the island of [[Pulau Aur|Pulo Aura]] at the eastern entrance to the [[Strait of Malacca]] at 08:00 on 14 February and advanced. The convoy commander Commodore [[Nathaniel Dance]] had disguised several of the East Indiamen as ships of the line in the hope of convincing Linois that the convoy was well protected.<ref name="NR546">Rodger, p. 546</ref> Linois hesitated for over a day, eventually attacking on the morning of 15 February. Dance resisted and Linois withdrew without contesting the engagement. Dance's merchant ships chased Linois's squadron away before resuming their course and meeting their escorts several days later. Linois's failure to engage and defeat the China Fleet infuriated a number of his officers and provoked an angry letter from Napoleon, who accused Linois of believing "that war can be made without running risks".<ref name=WLC339>Clowes, p. 339</ref>

In the aftermath of the engagement, Linois returned to Batavia and then to Île de France, arriving on 2 April. There he was criticised by the governor, General [[Charles Decaen]], who wrote a letter to Napoleon complaining of Linois's conduct at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]].<ref name="WJ3:277">James, Vol. 3, p. 277</ref> In mid-June 1804, Linois departed Île de France with ''Marengo'' and the [[frigate]]s [[French frigate Atalante (1802)|''Atalante'']] under [[Captain Camille-Charles-Alexis Gaudin-Beauchène]] and [[French frigate Sémillante (1791)|''Sémillante'']] under Captain [[Léonard-Bernard Motard]], cruising off [[Madagascar]] in stormy weather before sailing to the coast of [[Ceylon]]. He enjoyed some success against individual merchant vessels, and gradually moved northwards during the late summer. The squadron passed Madras {{convert|60|nmi|km}} off the coast to avoid encountering Rainier's squadron and raided along the [[Coastal Andhra]] region, visiting [[Masulipatam]] and Coasanguay.<ref name="WJ3:277"/> On 14 September 1804 off Masulipatam, Linois captured a country ship and learned from the crew that a small convoy was anchored at [[Visakhapatnam]] to the north. The convoy was reported to consist of two East Indiamen with the 36-gun frigate [[HMS Wilhelmina (1798)|HMS ''Wilhelmina'']], a former Dutch vessel captured in 1798, as their escort.<ref name="RG1115">''Fleet Battle and Blockade'', Gardiner, p. 115</ref> Linois immediately sailed for Visakhapatnam, expecting an easy victory over the convoy.<ref name=WLC349>Clowes, p. 349</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Linois-Antoine Maurin-3.png|thumb|[[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]], the French commander during the battle]]

At Madras Admiral Rainier had become increasingly concerned during September by Linois's depredations, and had decided to strengthen his convoy escorts. He replaced ''Wilhelmina'' with the 50-gun [[HMS Centurion (1774)|HMS ''Centurion'']].<ref name="WJ3:276">James, Vol. 3, p. 276</ref> ''Centurion'' was under the nominal command of Captain [[John Spratt Rainier]], who was seriously ill at Madras, so Captain [[James Lind (Royal Navy officer)|James Lind]] assumed temporary command. Lind sailed from Madras to Visakhapatnam earlier in the month with the Indiamen ''Barnaby'' and [[Princess Charlotte (1796 EIC ship)|''Princess Charlotte'']] and anchored in the roads, while the Indiamen loaded cargo ready for the return journey to Madras.<ref name="WJ3:276"/>

The ships were still anchored in the roads at 06:00 on 18 September when Linois's squadron appeared on the horizon to the south-west, approximately {{convert|12|nmi|km}} away. The only flag visible on the strange ships was on board one of the [[frigates]], which displayed the [[St George's Cross]]. Lieutenant James Robert Phillips, in command of ''Centurion'' while Lind was ashore, was not convinced by this ensign: he was aware that a French squadron was in the region, and positioned his ship so that his [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] faced the approaching vessels. At 09:45 the French came within range and Phillips opened fire, cautiously at first until he could be sure of the identity of the strangers.<ref name="WJ3:277"/>

The ship of the line exchanged signals with the frigates as ''Centurion'' began to fire, and as the signals were different from those used by the Royal Navy, Phillips was certain he was facing an overwhelming enemy squadron. ''Centurion'' made urgent signals to the Indiamen, warning them of the approaching threat. The crew of ''Barnaby'' panicked and cut her anchor cables, causing her to drift on shore where she was wrecked.<ref name=WLC349/> Captain John Logan on ''Princess Charlotte'' was calmer and remained at anchor, although he ignored requests from Phillips for assistance from his ship's [[gun battery]]. Linois's ships spread out, ''Atalante'' closing to within {{convert|0.5|nmi|m|-2}} of ''Centurion'', with ''Sémillante'' close behind. ''Marengo'' remained out of range, as Linois was unwilling to risk his flagship in shallow coastal waters for which he did not have accurate [[Nautical chart|charts]]: the approaches to Visakhapatnam were protected by a series of sandbars and if ''Marengo'' grounded during the engagement then his flagship could have been wrecked.<ref name="WJ3:279">James, Vol. 3, p. 279</ref>

When the French frigates came within {{convert|200|yd|m}}, Phillips opened fire on ''Atalante'' as ''Sémillante'' attempted to reach the other side of the British ship to batter from the other side. The French frigates also came under long range fire from the three-gun battery at Visakhapatnam, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Sir Alexander Campbell, 1st Baronet|Alexander Campbell]], on detached service from the [[74th Regiment of Foot]]. Campbell despatched 50 [[sepoy]]s in small boats to assist the crew of ''Princess Charlotte'', whose armament of 24 guns continued to remain silent.<ref name="WJ3:278">James, Vol. 3, p. 278</ref>

By 10:00, all three French ships were within range of ''Centurion'' and a heavy exchange of fire began. Within 15 minutes, both ''Centurion'' and ''Marengo'' had their [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]] shot away and at 10:45 the ship of the line turned away for open water, followed by the frigates, her [[rigging]] in disarray. Damage had rendered ''Centurion'' unable to manoeuvre rapidly and she began slowly limping inshore to shelter from ''Marengo'' among the coastal [[shoal]]s.<ref name="RG28">''The Campaign of Trafalgar'', Gardiner, p. 28</ref> Captain Lind rejoined his ship by boat, hailing the ''Princess Charlotte'', which had still not participated in the battle, to cut her anchor cables and go ashore to avoid being captured.<ref name="WJ3:278"/> Logan refused and at 11:15 surrendered without a fight as the whole French squadron moved back towards the harbour. ''Marengo'' again remained beyond the sandbars that marked the entrance. The boatloads of sepoys, who were still ''en route'' to ''Princess Charlotte'', turned about and rowed back to shore to avoid capture. ''Sémillante'' took possession of the merchant ship while ''Marengo'' and ''Atalante'' engaged ''Centurion'', which had moved out of range of support from the shore batteries.<ref name="WJ3:278"/>

Despite her 50 guns, ''Centurion''{{'}}s armament left her vulnerable as most were [[carronades]], short-range heavy cannon that were useless in the face of the long-range gunnery from ''Marengo''.<ref name="WJ3:278"/> ''Centurion'' consequently suffered severe damage and by 13:15 had been holed, with her rigging wrecked and her anchor cable shot through, which caused her to slowly drift away from the shore, out of control.<ref name=WLC349/> Seeing that his opponent was disabled, Linois decided not to press the attack and issued orders for his squadron, accompanied by their prize, to sail away. Lind gradually regained control of his ship and even managed to raise some sail in pursuit, but the French were too far ahead. After some final parting shots, ''Centurion'' anchored as her crew set about repairing the damage. Linois remained within sight for the rest of the day, but showed no sign of renewing the action; he disappeared on the north-east horizon at dusk.<ref name="WJ3:279"/>

==Aftermath==
Despite the destruction of ''Barnaby'' and the capture of ''Princess Charlotte'', British losses were mild, ''Centurion'' having one man killed and nine wounded. The ship was very badly damaged, however, with a number of holes shot in her hull and badly torn rigging and masts. There were no recorded casualties among the troops onshore.<ref name="WJ3:279"/> The French suffered slightly heavier losses, ''Marengo'' having two men killed and an officer wounded and ''Atalante'' with three killed and five wounded. ''Sémillante'', which had not been closely engaged in the battle, suffered no casualties. Damage to the French ships was severe, and Linois was forced to abandon further operations and slowly make his way back to Île de France, arriving in November. There ''Marengo'' underwent a full refit, lasting six months.<ref name="WJ4:150">James, Vol. 4, p. 150</ref>

Both nations claimed the encounter as a victory, the French for the capture of ''Princess Charlotte'' and the British for the survival of ''Centurion'' in the face of overwhelming French numerical superiority.<ref name="WJ3:280">James, Vol. 3, p. 280</ref> Linois justified his withdrawal in a letter, explaining that risking irreparable damage his squadron in a close engagement with ''Centurion'' would have curtailed his raiding operations.<ref name="RG28"/> Privately however, Napoleon was angered by the survival of ''Centurion'' and wrote in response that "France cared for honour, not for a few pieces of wood."<ref name=WLC350/> British historians have echoed Napoleon's criticism, judging that ''Centurion'' was at Linois's mercy and that he had failed to destroy her, in words of [[William Laird Clowes]], because of his "half-hearted and timid action . . . [that] cannot but provoke censure."<ref name=WLC350>Clowes, p. 350</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Clowes
| first = William Laird
| author-link = William Laird Clowes
| year = 1997 |orig-year=1900
| title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V
| publisher = Chatham Publishing
| isbn = 1-86176-014-0
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1996
| title = Fleet Battle and Blockade
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-363-X
| oclc = 50264868
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1998
| title = The Campaign of Trafalgar
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-358-3
}}
* {{cite book
| editor =Gardiner, Robert
| year = 2001
| orig-year = 1998
| title = The Victory of Seapower
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-359-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James
| first = William
| author-link = William James (naval historian)
| year = 2002 |orig-year=1827
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn = 0-85177-907-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James
| first = William
| author-link = William James (naval historian)
| year = 2002 |orig-year=1827
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 4, 1805–1807
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn = 0-85177-908-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rodger
| first = N.A.M.
| author-link = Nicholas Rodger
| year = 2004
| title = The Command of the Ocean
| publisher = Allan Lane
| isbn = 0-7139-9411-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Woodman
| first = Richard
| author-link = Richard Woodman
| year = 2001
| title = The Sea Warriors
| publisher = Constable Publishers
| isbn = 1-84119-183-3
}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vizagapatam}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1804]]
[[Category:Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:September 1804]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1804 in India]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam]]

Battle of Visakhapatnam - Revision history

HwaNormanby23 at 10:36, 30 April 2026