>ClueBot NG at 08:29, 13 June 2021

2021-06-13T08:29:40Z

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{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]] ({{lang|bn|বাংলা}} ''Bangla'')''' is one of the [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan (Magadhan) languages]], evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]] and [[Pali]] languages native to the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|title=India - Magadhan ascendancy|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> The core of Bengali vocabulary is thus [[etymology|etymologically]] of Magadhi Prakrit and Pali languages. However, centuries of major [[loanword|borrowing]] and [[reborrowing]] from [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Austroasiatic languages]] and other languages has led to the adoption of a wide range of words with foreign origins; thus making the origins of borrowed and re-borrowed words in the '''Bengali vocabulary''' numerous and diverse, due to centuries of contact with various languages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tangleofwires.wordpress.com/tag/learning-bengali/|title=learning Bengali {{!}} A Tangle Of Wires|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref>

==Classifications of origin types==
[[File:Bengali Vocabulary2.png|thumb|Sources of modern literary Bengali words{{Legend|#FFCC99|তদ্ভব ''Tôdbhôbô'' (native)}}{{Legend|#993300|তৎসম ''Tôtsômô'' (Sanskrit reborrowings)}}{{Legend|#FF6666|দেশী ''Deshi'' (indigenous loans) and বিদেশী ''Bideshi'' (foreign loans)}}|250px|right]]
The typical Bengali dictionary lists 75,000 separate words, of which 50,000 (67%) are considered তদ্ভব ''tôdbhôbô'' (native Bengali vocabulary with Sanskrit cognates), 21,100 (28%) are তৎসম ''tôtsômô'' (words directly re-borrowed from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) , and the rest being borrowings from দেশী ''deshi'' "[[Austroasiatic languages|indigenous (Austroasiatic)]]" and বিদেশী ''bideshi'' "foreign" sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.english-bangla.com/|title=English & Bangla Online Dictionary & Grammar {{!}} ইংরেজি ও বাংলা Online অভিধান ও ব্যাকরণ|website=www.english-bangla.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> There are more than five lac Bengali vocabulary in this language overall including other languages which is used as Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengalimeaning.com/|title=Meaning in Bengali, English to Bangla|website=Bengalimeaning.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

However, these figures do not take into account the fact that a huge chunk of these words are archaic or highly technical, minimising their actual usage. The productive vocabulary used in modern literary works, in fact, is made up mostly 67% of native ''tôdbhôbô'' words, while ''tôtsômô'' re-borrowings only make up 25% of the total. ''Deshi'' and ''bideshi'' borrowings together make up the remaining 8% of the vocabulary used in modern Bengali literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/bengali|title=Bengali {{!}} About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref>

==Differences in vocabulary==

This table below compares the differences of spoken and used Bengali vocabularies in Dhaka & Shantipur in West Bengal.

{|class="wikitable"
!Word!!Dhakaiya dialect!!Dhakaiya IPA!!Shantipuri dialect!!Shantipuri IPA
|-
|Water||পানি||pāni||জল||jôl
|-
|Salt||লবণ||lôbôn||নুন||nun
|-
|Invitation||দাওয়াত||daoāt||আমন্ত্রণ/নিমন্ত্রণ/নেমন্তন্ন||āmantraṇ/nimantraṇ/nemôntônnô
|-
|Chili||মরিচ||môrich||লঙ্কা||laṅkā
|-
|Maternal Aunt||খালা||khālā||মাসি||māsi
|-
|Paternal Aunt||ফুফু||fufu||পিসি||pisi
|-
|Bath||গোসল||gôsôl||স্নান/চান||snān/chān
|-
|Wind||বাতাস||bātās||হাওয়া||haoā
|}

==Examples of borrowed words==
Due to centuries of contact with [[Mughals]], [[Arabs]], [[Persians]], [[Europeans]], and [[East Asians]], the [[Bengali language]] has absorbed countless words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these [[Loanword|borrowings]] into the core vocabulary. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three different kinds of contact. After centuries of contact from [[Persia]] and the Middle East, followed by the invasions of the [[Mughal Empire]], numerous [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] words were absorbed and fully integrated into the lexicon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/key2mideast/chapter/languages/|title=Languages – Keys to Understanding the Middle East|website=ohiostate.pressbooks.pub|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml|title=BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> Later, East Asian travellers and European [[colonialism]] brought words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], French, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and most significantly English. Some very common borrowings are shown below.

===Sanskrit (সংস্কৃত ''Sôṁskr̥tô'')===
{| class="wikitable"
!Word!!IPA!!Meaning
|-
|চাহিদা||chahida||demand
|-
|স্বাগতম||shagôtôm||welcome
|-
|নির্বাণ||nirban||Nirban
|-
|যোগ||jog||[[Yoga]]
|-
|যৌন||jouno||sexual
|-
|আর্য||arjô||[[Aryan]]
|-
|আসন||ashôn||seat
|-
|আশ্রম||ashrôm||hermitage or monastery
|-
|অবতার||ôbôtar||[[Avatar]]
|-
|আয়ুর্বেদ||ayurbed||[[Ayurveda]]
|-
|বন্ধন||bôndhôn||bondage
|-
|বাসমতী||bashmôti||[[Basmati|Basmati rice]]
|-
|ভাং||bhang||[[Bhang]]
|-
|খাট||khat||[[Camp bed|cot]]
|-
|ধুতি||dhuti||[[Dhoti]]
|-
|লুঠ||luth||[[Looting]]
|-
|মায়া||maya||[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]
|-
|স্বামী||shami||master
|-
|লাখ||lakh||[[Lakh]]
|-
|লক্ষ্মী||lôkkhi||[[Lakshmi]]
|-
|লক্ষ্মণ||lôkkhôṇ||[[Lakshmana]]
|}

===Austroasiatic (Munda) languages (দেশী ''Deśi'' “Native”)===
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning
|-
|কুড়ি ''kuṛi''||twenty
|-
|খুকি ''khuki''||girl
|-
|খোকা ''khoka''||boy
|-
|খোঁচা ''khõcha''||poke
|-
|খোঁজ ''khõj''||notice
|-
|চাল ''chal'', চাউল ''caul''||rice grains,
|-
|চিংড়ি ''ciṁṛi''||[[Prawn]]
|-
||চুলা ''chula''||oven, stove
|-
|ঝিনুক ''jhinuk''||shell
|-
|ঝোল ''jhol''||gravy
|-
|ঠ্যাং ''ṭhæṁ''||leg
|-
|ঢোল ''ḍhol''||[[dhol]]
|-
|পেট ''peṭ''||belly
|-
|বোবা ''boba''||[[muteness|mute]]
|-
|মাঠ ''maṭh''||field, open land
|-
|মুড়ি ''muṛi''||puffed rice
|-
|}

===Other Indian languages===
====Hindi (হিন্দী ''Hindī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word
!Pronunciation!! Meaning !! Original form
!Pronunciation
|-
|style="width:08em"|আলাল
|ˈalal|| ||
|
|-
|ইস্তক
|ˈist̪ɔk|| ||
|
|-
|বাতাবরণ
|ˈbat̪aˌbɔron|| ||वातावरण
|ˈʋaːt̪aːˌʋərəɳ
|-
|ওয়ালা
|ˈwala|| ||वाला
|ˈʋaːlaː
|-
|চড়াই
|ˈt͡ʃɔɽai|| ||
|
|-
|উতরাই
|ˈut̪rai|| ||
|
|-
|কচুরি
|ˈkoˌt͡ʃuri|| ||
|kət͡ʃoːriː
|-
|তামাক ''tamak''
| ||tobacco||tobacco
|
|-
|পেরেক ''perek''
| ||nail||prego
|
|-
|ফিতা ''fita''
| ||lace, ribbon||fita
|
|-
|বারান্দা ''baranda''
| ||verandah||varanda
|
|-
|বালতি ''balti''
| ||Bucket||balde
|
|-
|বেহালা ''behala''
| ||[[viola]]||viola
|
|-
|বোতাম ''botam''
| ||button||botão
|
|-
|মেজ ''mej''
| ||table||mesa
|
|-
|সাবান ''saban''
| ||soap||sabão
|
|-
|কেদারা ''kedara''
| ||chair||cadeira
|
|-
|আতা ''ata''
| ||custard apple||ata
|
|-
|আনারস ''anarôs''
| ||pineapple||ananás
|
|-
|কাজু ''kaju''
| ||cashew||caju
|
|-
|কপি ''kôpi''
| ||cabbage, cauliflower||couve
|
|-
|পাঁউ ''pãu''
| ||sliced bread||pão "bread"
|
|-
|পেঁপে ''pẽpe''
| ||papaya||papaia
|
|-
|পেয়ারা ''peyara''
| ||guava||pera "pear"
|
|-
|সালাদ ''salad''
| ||[[salad]]||salada
|
|-
|ক্রুশ ''krush''
| ||cross||cruz
|
|-
|গির্জা ''girja''
| ||church||igreja
|
|-
|যিশু ''Jishu''
| ||Jesus||Jesu
|
|-
|পাদ্রি ''padri''
| ||Catholic priest||padre
|
|-
|ইংরেজ ''ingrej''
| ||English||inglês
|
|}

====Tamil (তামিল ''Tamil'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|চুরুট ''curut''|| ||
|-
|পিলে ''pile'' in ছেলেপিলে ''chelepile''|| ||
|}

====Telugu (তেলেগু ''Telugu'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|প্যান্ডেল ''pændel''|| ||
|}

===Foreign (বিদেশী ''Bideśī'')===
====Persian (ফারসী ''Pharsi'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word
!Pronunciation!! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|আবহাওয়া ''abohawa''
|a.bo.ɦa.wa||weather||aab-o-havaa
|-
|চাকরি
|t͡ʃak.ri||job||چاکری ''cakri''
|-
|আয়না ''ayna''
|aj.na||mirror||آینه ''āynah''
|-
|আরাম ''aram''
|a.ram||comfort||آرام ''ārām''
|-
|বকশিশ ''bôkshish''
|bɔk.ʃiʃ||tip||بخشش ''baxshish''
|-
|আস্তে ''aste''
|as.t̪e||slowly, softly|| آهسته ''āhistah'' "slowly"
|-
|কাগজ ''kagôj''
|ka.ɡoj||paper||كاغذ ''kāghaz''
|-
|খারাপ ''kharap''
|kʰa.rap||bad||خراب ''xarāb''
|-
|খোদা ''khoda''
|kʰo.d̪a||god||خدا ''xoda''
|-
|খুব ''khub''
|kʰuˑb||greatly||خوب ''xūb'' "good"
|-
|গরম ''gôrôm''
|ɡɔ.rɔm||hot||گرم ''garm''
|-
|চশমা ''chôshma''
|t͡ʃɔʃ.ma||glasses||چشم ''chashm'' "eye"
|-
|চাকর ''chakôr''
|t͡ʃa.kor||employee, servant||چاکر ''chākar''
|-
|চাদর ''chadôr''
|t͡ʃa.d̪or||blanket||چادر ''chādur''
|-
|জান ''jan''
|d͡ʒaˑn||dear||جان ''jān''
|-
|জায়গা ''jayga''
|d͡ʒaj.ɡa||place||جايگاه ''jāegāh''
|-
|ডেগচি ''ḍegchi''
|ɖeɡ.t͡ʃi||pot||ديگچه ''dēgchah''
|-
|দম ''dôm''
|d̪ɔˑm||breath||دم ''dam''
|-
|দেরি ''deri''
|d̪e.ri||late||دير ''dēr''
|-
|দোকান ''dokan''
|do.kan||store, shop||دكان ''dukān''
|-
|পর্দা ''pôrda''
|pɔr.d̪a||curtain||پرده ''pardah''
|-
|বদ ''bôd''
|bɔˑd̪||bad||بد ''bad''
|-
|বাগান ''bagan''
|ba.ɡan||garden||باغان ''bāghān''
|-
|রাস্তা ''rasta''
|ras.t̪a||road, way||راسته ''rāstah''
|-
|রোজ ''roj''
|roˑd͡ʒ||everyday||روز ''rōz'' "day"
|-
|হিন্দু ''Hindu''
|hin.d̪u||Hindu||هندو ''Hindū''
|-
|পছন্দ ''pôchhôndô''
|pɔ.t͡ʃʰɔn.d̪ɔ||like, appreciate|| پسند ''pasand''
|-
|টেক্কা ''ṭekka''
|ʈek.ka||ace||تيكه ''tika'' "contract"
|-
|আলু ''alu''
|a.lu||potato||آلو ''âlu'' "plum"
|-
|নখ ''nôkh''
|nɔˑkʰ||nail||ناخن ''nāxun''
|-
|খুন ''khun''
|kʰuˑn||kill||خون ''xūn'' "blood"
|-
|আওয়াজ ''aoaj''
|a.wad͡ʒ||sound||آواز ''āvāz''
|}

====Arabic (আরবী ''Arôbi'')====
{| class="wikitable"
![https://banglaworddownload.com Bangla Word]!!Bangla pronunciation!!English meaning!! Original form!!IPA
|-
|style="width:08em"|আসল||ashôl||real||أصل||aṣl
|-
|এলাকা||elaka||area||أﻻﻛﺔ||ilākah
|-
|ওজন||od͡ʒon||weight||وزن||wazn
|-
|কলম||kɔlom||pen||قلم||qalam
|-
|খবর||khôbôr||news||خبر||xabr
|-
|খালি||khali||empty||خالي||xālī
|-
|খেয়াল||kheyal||consideration||خيال||xayāl
|-
|গরিব||gôrib||poor||غريب||gharīb
|-
|-
|জমা||jôma||collect||جمعة||jamʿah
|-
|তারিখ||t̪arikʰ||date||تاريخ||tārīx
|-
|দুনিয়া||d̪uniya||world||دﻧﯿـا||dunya
|-
|নকল||nôkôl||fake||نقل||naql
|-
|ফকির||fôkir||poor person||فقير||faqīr
|-
|বদল||bɔd̪ol||exchange||بدل||badl
|-
|বাকি||baki||remaining||باقي||bāqī
|-
|শয়তান||śôẏtan||Satan||شَيْطَان||šayṭan
|-
|সাবান||saban||Soap||صَابُون||ṣābūn, sāpō
|-
|সাহেব||shaheb||sir||صاحب||ṣāḥib
|-
|সনদ||śônôd||||سَنْد||sand
|-
|সাল||śal||||سَنَة||sanah
|-
|সন||śôn||||سَنَة||sanah
|-
|হিসাব||hishab||calculation||حساب||ḥisāb
|}

====Turkish (তুর্কী ''Turki'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|কোরমা ''korma''||[[korma]]||kavurma
|-
|দাদা ''dada''||grandfather||dede
|-
|বাবা ''baba''||father||baba
|-
|নানি ''nani''||Grandmother||nine
|-
|চকমক ''cokmok''||lighter||çakmak
|-
|বাবুর্চি ''baburchi''||cook, chef||baburçi
|-
|বেগম ''begôm''||lady||begüm
|-
|কেচি ''Kechi'', কাঁচি ''kãci''||Scissor||Qãïnchi
|-
|লাশ ''Lash''||Corpse||Lesh
|-
|তবলা ''Tobla''
|[[Tabla]]
|
|}

====Portuguese (পর্তুগীজ ''Pôrtugij'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|আলমারি ''almari''||closet, cupboard||armário
|-
|ইস্ত্রি ''istri'' <br/> ইস্তিরি ''istiri''||to iron||estirar
|-
|ইস্পাত ''ispat''||steel||espada "sword"
|-
|কামিজ ''kamij''||shirt||camisa
|-
|গামলা ''gamla''||basket||gamela "wooden trough"
|-
|চাবি ''chabi''||key||chave
|-
|জানালা ''janala''||window||janela
|-
|তামাক ''tamak''||tobacco||tabaco
|-
|পেরেক ''perek''||nail||prego
|-
|ফিতা ''fita''||lace, ribbon||fita
|-
|বারান্দা ''baranda''||verandah||varanda
|-
|বালতি ''balti''||Bucket||balde
|-
|বেহালা ''behala''||[[viola]]||viola
|-
|বোতাম ''botam''||button||botão
|-
|মেজ ''mej''||table||mesa
|-
|সাবান ''saban''||soap||sabão
|-
|কেদারা ''kedara''||chair||cadeira
|-
|আতা ''ata''||custard apple||ata
|-
|আনারস ''anarôs''||pineapple||ananás
|-
|কাজু ''kaju''||cashew||cajú
|-
|কপি ''kôpi''||cabbage, cauliflower||couve
|-
|পাঁউ ''pãu''||sliced bread||pão "bread"
|-
|পেঁপে ''pẽpe''||papaya||papaia
|-
|পেয়ারা ''peyara''||guava||pera "pear"
|-
|সালাদ ''salad''||[[salad]]||salada
|-
|ক্রুশ ''krush''||cross||cruz
|-
|গির্জা ''girja''||church||igreja
|-
|যিশু ''Jishu''||Jesus||Jesus
|-
|পাদ্রি ''padri''||Catholic priest||padre
|-
|ইংরেজ ''ingrej''||English||inglês
|}

====Dutch (ওলন্দাজ ''Olôndaj'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|ইস্কাবন ''iskabôn'' <br /> ইশকাপন ''ishkapôn''||spades||schoppen
|-
|রুইতন ''ruitôn''||diamonds||ruiten (lit. "rhombi")
|-
|হরতন ''hôrotôn''||hearts||harten
|-
|চিড়িতন ''chiriton''||clubs||klaveren (lit. "clovers")
|-
|তুরুপ ''turup''||trump||troef
|-
|ইস্ক্রুপ ''iskrup''||screw||schroef
|}

====English (ইংরেজী ''Iṁreji'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Original form
|-
|অফিস ''ofish''||office
|-
|জেল ''jel''||jail
|-
|ডাক্তার ''ḍaktar''||doctor
|-
|পুলিশ ''pulish''||police
|-
|ব্যাংক ''bank''||bank
|-
|ভোট ''bhoṭ''||vote
|-
|ইস্কুল ''iskul'' <br/> স্কুল ''skul''||school
|-
|হাসপাতাল ''haspatal''||hospital
|-
|style="width:08em"|কাপ kap||cup
|-
|গ্লাস ''glas''||glass
|-
|চেয়ার ''cheyar''||chair
|-
|টেবিল ''ṭebil''||table
|-
|বাক্স ''baksô''||box
|-
|লণ্ঠন ''lônṭhôn''||lantern
|-
|প্লাস্টিক ''plāsṭik''||plastic
|-
|কলেজ ''Kolēj''||college
|-
|আস্তাবল ''astabol''||stable
|-
|সাইকেল ''caikel''||bicycle
|-
|}

====French (ফরাসী ''Phôrasi'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|আঁশ ''ãsh''||plant fiber||asch
|-
|ওলন্দাজ ''olôndaj''||Dutch||hollandaise
|-
|কার্তুজ ''kartuj''||cartridge||cartouche
|-
|রেস্তোরাঁ ''restorã''||restaurant||restaurant
|-
|শেমিজ ''shemij''||[[chemise]]||chemise "shirt"
|-
|পাতি ''pati''||small||petit
|-
|}

====Greek (গ্রীক ''Grīk'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|দাম ''dam'' (via Urdu)||[[price]]|| drachma
|-
|সুড়ঙ্গ ''sudonggo'' (via Sanskrit)||[[tunnel]]|| siranga
|}

====Chinese (চীনা ''Cīna'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|চা ''cha''||[[tea]]||茶 ''cha''
|-
|লিচু ''licu''
|[[litchi]]
|
|-
|চিনি ''cini''||[[sugar]]||
|}

====Japanese (জাপানী ''Japani''/নিহোঙ্গো ''Nihoṅgo'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|মাঙ্গা ''mangga''||[[Manga]]||マンガ ''manga''
|-
|সুনামি ''sunami''||[[Tsunami]]||つなみ ''tsunami''
|-
|রিক্সা ''riksha''||[[rickshaw]]||力車 (jin) ''rikisha''
|-
|বোকা ''boka''||fool||ばか ''baka''
|-
|ছোট্ট ''chotto''||small||ちょっと ''chotto'' “little”
|-
|হারিকিরি ''harikiri''|| ||
|-
|হাসনাহানা ''hasnahana''
|
|
|-
|জুজুৎসু ''jujutsu''
|
|
|}

====Burmese (বর্মী ''Bôrmī'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|লুঙ্গি ''lunggi''|| ||
|-
|ঘুঘনি ''ghughni''|| ||
|}

====Spanish (স্পেনীয় ''Spenīẏô'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|ডেঙ্গু ''denggu''||[[Dengue fever]]||
|}

====German (জার্মান ''Jarman'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|কিন্ডারগার্টেন ''kindargarten''||[[kindergarten]]||
|-
|নাৎসি ''Natsi''||[[Nazism]]||Nazi
|-
|মানুষজন ''Manushjon''||[[People]]||Menschen
|}

====Italian (ইতালীয় ''Italīẏô'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|ফ্যাসিস্ত ''Phasist''||[[Fascist]]||
|-
|ম্যালেরিয়া ''malaria''||[[malaria]]||
|-
|মাফিয়া ''maphiya''||[[mafia]]|| mafia
|-
|স্টুডিও ''studio''||[[studio]]||
|}

====Australian (অস্ট্রেলীয় ''Ôsṭrelīẏô'')====
{| class="wikitable"
!Word !! Meaning !! Original form
|-
|style="width:08em"|ক্যাঙারু ''kængaru''||[[kangaroo]]||
|-
|বুমেরাং ''bumerang''||[[boomerang]]||
|}

== References ==
<references />{{Bengali language topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Vocabulary}}
[[Category:Bengali language]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]

Bengali vocabulary - Revision history

>ClueBot NG at 08:29, 13 June 2021