Anuj tripathi 111 at 12:52, 7 April 2026

2026-04-07T12:52:12Z

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{{Short description|Native language of the people of Bhadarwah, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bhadarwahi
| altname = Bhadrawahi
| nativename = {{lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}} {{lang|bhd|भद्रवाही}} {{nastaliq|بھدرواہی}}
| states = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| region = [[Chenab Valley|Chenab region]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|116000|2}}
| date = 2011
| ref = e22
| ethnicity = [[Bhadarwah]]is
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| dia1 = [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]]
| dia3 = Bhadrawahi proper
| dia4 = Khasali dialect
| script = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]], [[Perso-Arabic script]]
| iso3 = bhd
| glotto = bhad1241
| glottorefname = Bhadrawahi
| image = bhaderwahi.png
| imagecaption = Bhadarwahi written in Takri, Devanagari and Perso-arabic scripts
}}

'''Bhadarwahi''' (Bhadrawahi) is an indigenous language of the Indian subcontinent, belonging to the [[Western Pahari]] group. It is spoken by the Bhadarwahi people in the [[Chenab Valley|Chenab region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The language traces its origins to [[Sanskrit]], the ancient and indigenous linguistic heritage of the region, and has evolved naturally within the cultural context of the area.

The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a [[lingua franca]]. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]], and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume = 1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017|pages=85–86}}. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.</ref> The [[Churahi language]] is closely related.
{{wiktionary category 2|Bhadrawahi language}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The name of the language is spelt in the [[Takri script|Takri]] as {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}. Variants include ''Bhaderwahi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2018/hafsabhaderwahiphology1.pdf|title=Phonological System of Bhaderwahi}}</ref> ''Baderwali'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯}}), ''Bhadri'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯}}), Badrohi ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯}}), ''Bhadlayi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯}}), and ''Bhadlai'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃}}).

== Phonology ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref name="phon"/>
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA link|iː}}
|
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! Lower High
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|eː}}
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! Lower Mid
|
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! Low
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɑː}}
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Consonants'''<ref name="phon">*{{cite journal
| last= Dwiwedi
| first= Amitabh Vikram
| year= 2015
| title= Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch
| journal= [[Acta Linguistica Asiatica]]
| volume= 5
| issue= 1
| url= https://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/ala/article/view/3159
}}</ref>
!colspan=2| 
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
|
|
|-
!rowspan=4|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!aspirated
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!voiced
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!breathy
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ç}} {{IPA link|çʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!voiced
|
|
| {{IPA link|z}} {{IPA link|zʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Flap consonant|Flap]] or [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}
According to Masica (1991) there are a set of lateral retroflex affricates {{IPA|/ʈ͡ꞎ ɖ͡𝼅 ɖ͡𝼅ʱ/}} from old /Cr/ clusters.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=210}}

== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Bhaderwahi]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Some speakers may call it a dialect of [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=Bhaderwahi+Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref> The language has no official status. It is classified by the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]] as "definitely endangered," meaning that many Bhadarwahi parents are not teaching it to their children and the number of native speakers is decreasing. Other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi, are being spoken in the home in its place. This is a natural human tendency to pick up the language of people perceived as better off economically and/or socially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=15 April 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>

==Media==
A daily headline news program is broadcast by a [[News Media|news outlet]] [[The Chenab Times]] in [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]] and Bhadarwahi languages to promote them.<ref name="et-18aug">{{Cite news |title=Cultural Academy Doda non-functional since long|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=321562|date=18 August 2021|publisher=Early Times (newspaper)|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="kashmir-uzma-7">{{Cite news|title=چناب ٹائمز' کا وفد ڈپٹی کمشنر ڈوڈہ سے ملاقی|url=https://kashmiruzma.net/%da%86%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%b9%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d8%b2-%da%a9%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%af-%da%88%d9%be%d9%b9%db%8c-%da%a9%d9%85%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%b1-%da%88%d9%88%da%88%db%81-%d8%b3%db%92-%d9%85%d9%84/ |date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|language=ur}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=21 March 1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI5fQgAACAAJ |language=en}}

{{Western Pahari languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Bhadarwahi language - Revision history

Anuj tripathi 111 at 12:52, 7 April 2026